Bukidnon Frontier Flashcards
Magellan’s voyage, reached the Philippine archipelago
1521
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu
1565
Bukidnon became open towards the migrants in Visayas
1870
Philippine revolution
1896
Natural way of the indigenous people to protect themselves against any form of influence or acculturation
Ex. Isolation
Pag-iilihan
Concept of pride, honor
Maratabat
People of the mountains
Bukidnon
People of the coast
Dumagats
Moved south away from the proximity to the north coast and out onto the grasslands
Settlers and ranchers
Locus points of two culture world
Towns and their hillside swidden plots
Like the Deccan Highlands of India, has been a region both of relative isolation and of transition between cultural centres.
Bukidnon Plateau
Rim of the plateau just inland from the sea
Macajalar bay
Two major river systems
Cagayan and Tagoloan
Rio Grande de Mindanao , which operates in the mountains of northeastern Bukidnon
Pulangi
One continuous series of rapids
Pulangi
Last Moro Datu on the river in 1902 going north into Manobo country “knew if no trail up the Rio Grande river”
Datu Masaloot
Leader of an American exploratory expedition from Cotabato to Cagayan de Oro
First Lieutenant R.O. Van Horn
Manobos collected___ which they sold to Datu Ali of Magindanao
Rubber and gutta-percha
Were primarily Maranaos concentrated in the West along the Lanao border
Muslims
racially similar to Visayans but linguistically and culturally distinct
Bukidnons and Manobos
Lived along the middle Pulangi and Mulita south to Cotabato
Manobos
Lived in the northeast along the Tagoloan and upper Pulangi rivers and to a lesser extent on the upper Cagayan bordering Lanao
Bukidnons
Fortress high in the mountains from which they stood ready to repel invading dumagats
Nalandangan
Equate the trek inland with liberation from slavery by the Magindanao to their south
Manobos
Living in the northeast equate it with redemption from Hispanic influence to their north.
Bukidnon
In 1754, ___Governor of the Province in Cebu granted to Lingaon Binoni the title of Maestre de Campo of the monteses
Sr. D. Joseph Romo
Was a Bukidnon Datu, who was given the title of Maestre de Campo of the monteses and was conferred a symbol of office, an ebony, silver topped cane or bastun in recognition of his assistance to Father Ducos in Battle against Moro raiders of northern Mindanao
Lingaon Binoni
Silver-topped cane
Bastun
Tradition of a supreme high Datu known to Bukidnons as
Masikampu or Masalicampo
According to him, Master de Campo was conferred by the Spanish on Bukidnons who had distinguished themselves by some service for Spain
Fr. Jose Maria Clotet, S. J.
A chief Datu was recognized in the central district of Bukidnon but not in the Cagayan River area in 1910
Fay-Cooper Cole
Concluded that the high Datu of northeastern Bukidnon who possessed a giling, enjoyed territorial jurisdiction over all portions of several river valleys occupied by the band’s of subordinate datus
William E. Biernatzki
Black stick the length of one’s forearm and hand
Giling
Next level below the Masacalimpu or the dadatu-on was occupied by settlement chiefs presiding over areas called
Tulugan
Used for hunting not agriculture
Grass plains
Was not confined to the head datu’s immediate family
Datu-ship
Success as an __ presupposed knowledge of customary law and to a lesser degree of the epics
Arbiter
Was characterized by swidden farmers cultivating widely separated upland regions
Bukidnon society in the late 19th century
Determined to halt the spread of Islam in Mindanao
Spanish government
Principal export of Bukidnon
Abaca
Clotet rated as top quality and they grew and sold in large quantity at Cagayan
Tobacco
Adopted the role of middlemen in the marketing system linking the coast with the Manobo people farther to the north
Bukidnons
Most commonly used weapon of Bukidnons
Balarao
Created first mission inland from the coast of Sumilao in 1890 and Linabo in 1894
Jesuits
Then called Oroquieta by the Spaniards
Malaybalay
Now renamed Manolo Fortich and was the first town a trader riding south from Cagayan or Agusan would reach after a days journey
Tankulan
One node bamboo musical instrument which is strummed
Tangkul
Means to pass by the side not through
Dalirig
A peaceful place where Animals could lie down
Maluko
Later Dalwangan, meant to look through
Silipon
Established as a Spanish garrison to turn back Maranao Muslim influence on the plateau
Bugcaon
Brought a halt to the Jesuit activity in the plateau
Philippine Revolution
Completely disrupted life in the new settlements
Philippine -American war
Filipinos on the coast reported in large numbers to fight under the leadership of
Nicolas Capistrano and Apolinar Velez
Remarked that every man of military age from Sumilao south enrolled as a machetero and under the military orders of Capistrano
Major E.F. Taggart of the Twenty-eight Infantry,USV
Also of the Twenty-eight Infantry, regarded Filipino retreat to the interior as a measure of his success
Colonel William E. Birkhimer
Surprise attack of Major Taggart on Capistrano headquarters at Malaybalay
February 28, 1901
Said that it is probably true that in no part of the Philippine Islands were members of the Non-Christian tribes robbed and oppressed as we’re the Bukidnon people
Dean Conant Worcester
Senior inspector of constabulary for the province concurred on the assessment in 1906
Captain John J. Gallant
Operated to diminish the power of Bukidnon datus thereby further disrupting Bukidnon society at the turn of the century
Hemp trust or ring
Agents of the principal commerciante
Commissionados
Began formally among Bukidnons in 1907 and which was led by Worcester sought to provide protection for Bukidnons against Dumagat dominance while educating and training them to a point where they could function as equals in the rapidly expanding world of lowland Philippine culture
American effort
Term which meant blood avengers
Magahats
The old people vowed not to send their children to school recalled __ a Bukidnon whose tribal group held out against relocation until approximately 1913 until he was ten years old
Albino Pensahan
New men are continually arriving from the hitherto unoccupied districts , towns are being built where before the people lived entirely wild and beyond control
Agusan Governor Frederick Johnson
Americans living and trading with Manobos in Mailag
Eugene and Richard Barton
Religious mediums. they increased as status of datus decline
Baylans
By 1934 he estimated that 99.8 percent of our local police force are natives
Governor Antonio Rubin
Bukidnon men as early as 1912 had been sent as government pensionados to the study at the
Philippine Normal College in Manila or at the agricultural school in Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Director of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu
Frank Carpenter
Converted public lands west of Maluko into a large naval reservation
Governor General Dwight F. Davis
Premier cattle ranching province in the Philippines
Bukidnon
Decimated the native stock (cattles eliminated)
Rinderpest
Disease resistant bulls
Nellore Brahmin bulls
First big ranch
Diklum ranch
Bought Agusan Coconut Company ranch in Diklum
Angel Elizalde
The governments experimental ranch went to
Alejandro Roces
Catholic church constructed permanently when Malaybalay became a parish in 1934
Poblacion
Malaybalay according to him Was the one grand exception to everything
Fr. Joseph Lucas
Was a frontier region in the American period
Bukidnon Plateau
Diverse population of indigenous people
Bukidnon, Manobo and Higaonon
American first arrived in the region
Late 19th century
Bordering provinces of Bukidnon Plateau in 1907
Misamis, Agusan, Cotabato, Lanao
Constabulary soldiers
Magahats
1907 resettlement of people in hillside to grassland became controversial in a no. of reasons
- It was seen as a form of cultural genocide.
- It was seen as a form of economic exploitation.
3.It was seen as a form of political repression.
Bukidnons from the upper Pulangi and the middle Tagoloan settled in
Maluko, Impasugong and Kalasungay
Bukidnons from upper Tagoloan settled in
Malaybalay
Claimed to be able to catch bullets in his shirts
Banao
Term used to describe the belief that a person or group has a power to bring about a new era of peace and prosperity
Millenarian overtones
Religious and cultural revival movement among the Manobo people
Manobo Tungud movement
Goals of Tungud movement
- To revive traditional Manobo beliefs and practices.
- To assert Manobo cultural identity and autonomy
- To protect Manobo land and resources.
- To promote social justice for the Manobo people.
According to him, If a murder occurs in town the whole town will probably go into the wilderness rather than expose the murderer to danger of punishment
Johnson
Justice of peace court in Malaybalay begin in __ to offer a less traumatic alternative
1907
Typically held jobs as clerks, janitor , telephone linesmen…
Natives
Agricultural technique
Use of wooden, iron-tipped plough
Survey completed in 1912
Cadastral survey
It is from this public company that PPC continues to sublease land for pineapple production today
National Development Company
Far more significant in terms of land use in American tutelage was
Cattle ranching
a breed of cattle that is native to the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. They are known for their strength, docility, and milk production. also used for draft purposes and for breeding
Nellore Brahmin bulls
Sayre Highway linking Misamis province to Cotabato and running the length of Bukidnon was officially opened by
Manuel Quezon and High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre
Manuel Fortich opted to build his family home not in Malaybalay but in
Dalirig
Emergence of new elite composed of
Civil-servant migrants
Bukidnons remained typically peasants
Sumilao
Reasons why people from Bukidnon who lives in Barrios are often treated as second class citizen
- Barrios are often in remote and mountainous area.
2.People are often members of indigenous groups. - People are often poor and lack of strong political voice
Common ancestor of Bukidnon and Manobos
Agyu
Despite local variations depicts a past in which Bukidnons descended from a common mother and father were led by common heroes.
Bukidnon epic literature
In his words, Governor Corrales, who looked a thorough scoundrel and didn’t belie his looks had a ring with a couple of scalwags
William Cameron Forbes
One time presidente of Cagayan and commerciante whose power was so absolute that the people could not sell their products to anyone but him or his agents
Señor Vamenta
Bukidnon became a full fledged province
1914
Former constabulary officer who hailed from a highly placed Cebu family
Fortich
Manobo Tungud movement Started in Eastern Mindanao in
1908
those who rolled the logs and stones were believed to be
monteses
americans who arrived in Northern Mindanao during the war became quickly convinced that monteses had fallen victim to a __ headed by influential families residing in Cagayan de Oro.
Hemp trust
became a business for the rich absentee owners who lived in Manila and Cebu and who rarely visited their spreads
Ranching
