March 4th (Exam 2) Flashcards
Why might fungi develop antibiotics?
Could provide them some sort of evolutionary advantage - ward off nasty bacteria
What does penicillin do?
Is it made synthetically today?
it blocks the cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria
no easier the other way
What types of antibiotics are made semi synthetically?
ampacillin, amoxicillin, methicilllin
What are myco toxins?
These are often produced by fungi contaminated food
They are toxic and can be carcinogenic (over 300 forms discovered)
What is Ergotism?
Disease that you can get from the Claviceps purpurea
This infects cereal grain, grain
Ergot contains alkaloids produced by the fungi cause:
Vasoconstriction (muscle pain burning sensation, and miscarriage)
Certain CNS effects like hallucinations
How is ergot related to LSD?
Ergot produces lysergic acid alkaloids which is the basis for the synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
most potent interferes with NT serotonin
Why are toadstools concerning?
Poisonous mushrooms - there is no universal way to distinguish edible from poisonous
What are the two types of hallucinogenic fungi that we talked about?
Amanita Muscaria - causes a loss of coordination, dreams and distortions
Used for 1000s of years all across the globe - specifically used and reused by Siberian natives
Psilocybe genus - has religious and healing uses by the Aztecs
Affects the NT serotonin (mimics it in chemical structure)
Causes hallucinations, depression and paralysis
What are Dermatophytes?
These are fungi that metabolize keratin on skin hair and nails.
What are the three examples of dermatophytes we talked about?
Tinea capitis ‘ringworm’ on scalp that is caused by various fungal species (not worms)
Tinea pedis athlete’s foot (spores get transferred to others)
Candida albicans - this is normal flora in our body but can overgrow and cause yeast infections in the vagina, mouth and armpits
What are Systemic Mycoses?
These are the fungal infections that infect tissue below the skin and can be slow forming and chronic
What are the two types of systemic mycoses that we talked about?
Histoplasmosis - this are fungal spurs that come from bat or bird feces, can have TB like symptoms and can cause fungal pneumonia - eastern middle US
Coccidiomycosis - this a decomposing fungi that is present in the soil of the SW united states - known as valley fever because it can present as flu-like symptoms (or none at all)
What do we typically use for Anaerobic Ethanol Fermentation?
the ascomycota Saccharomyces cerevisiae used by brewers and bakers yeast
What is the term for the science of wine making?
Enology.
What is the binomial of the wine grape?
Vitis vinifera
What is the cultivation of grapes called?
Viticulture
What is the difference between white and red wine?
White wine - either grape, crushed pressed and fermented juice
Red wine - red grape, crushed, fermented then pressed
Why?
because the skin of the red grape has tannins and anthocyans that give color and taste
Explain champagne.
These are strictly from grapes that grow in the Champagne region of france - the secondary fermentation causes the actual CO2 bubbles that we are accustomed to.
How long does Beet date back?
How popular is it?
dates back nearly 6k years
2nd most popular, only to tea
What are the components of beer?
- Barley Malt - germinated dried barley grains that are crushed (sugar and color)
- Starch of cereal grain
- Hops (bitterness / antibiotic)
- Yeast
- Water
What are ales like?
Lagers?
Ales are fruity
Lagers are crisp
What is whiskey?
aged spirit made from distilled grain beer
What are the types of whiskey and how are they made?
Scotch - malt barley
Bourbon - corn
Rye - rye
What is absinthe?
What does it contain?
What does it cause?
Grain alcohol and oil
of wormwood
Contains thujone,
psychoactive
compound
Absinthism:
neurological damage
from abusers
