Feb. 4th (Exam One) Flashcards
What is tulipomania?
Tulipomania refers to the economic bubble that occurred in the Holland during the 17th century, particularly in 1636-1637, when the prices of tulip bulbs reached extraordinarily high levels before collapsing.
Are tulips monocots or dicots?
What family are they from?
They are monocots.
They are from the lily family.
What virus, among other societal factors caused the rise in prices of tulips?
What are the “breaks” in tulips?
A virus called Tulip Breaking Virus affects the production of anthocyanins in tulips which are the pigments responsible for the colors we like in them.
The breaks are irregular, streaked patterns on the petals.
When did angiosperms appear in the evolutionary record?
Give a period and years ago.
They appeared in the Cretaceous period which is at the end of the mesozoic era.
This was around 130 mya.
When did the most of the rapid spread and diversification of angiosperms happen?
During the cenozoic era which is after the mesozoic era.
Describe the evolution of stamens and carpels.
Stamens - (male reproductive organ)
They started with microsporangia exposed on the leaf surface to eventually being enclosed in anther of the stamen.
Carpels (female reproductive organ)
They started with the megasporangia exposed on the leaf surface to eventually having trichomes that acted as a stigma-like surface. Finally the ovules (which house the megasporangia) became enclosed in a ovary within the carpel with a stigma at the top for capturing pollen.
What is the flower stalk of a typical angiosperm called?
The pedicel.
What are the four potential whorls of angiosperms?
- Calyx (sepals)
- Corolla (petals)
- Androecium (male)
- Gynoecium (female)
Describe the calyx.
What does it do?
Outer whorl that is made of sepals.
It protects the flower bud before it opens.
Describe the corolla.
What does it do?
This is the petals of the flower.
They are responsible for attracting pollinators
What is the perianth?
Term for the non-reproductive parts of the plant - combined calyx and corolla.
Describe the androecium.
This is the male reproductive organs including the anther (which houses the microsporangia - pollen grains) and the filament.
What is the individual unit of the androecium?
The stamen
Describe the gynoecium.
This is the female reproductive organ including
- Swollen base of the carpel which has the ovary, containing one or more ovules
- Style, which is the stalk-like thing that connects the ovary to the stigma
- The stigma, which is the sticky surface at the top of the carpel which receives and holds the pollen during pollination.
What is the individual unit of the gynoecium?
The carpel
if there is only one unit we call it the pistol
Describe the difference in flower parts between dicots and monocots.
Dicots: have flower parts in four or five, or multiples of that.
Monocots: have flower parts in three or multiples of three.
What does the word complete mean in regards to flower parts?
This means that it has all the whorls.
What does the word incomplete mean in regards to flower parts?
This means that it is missing one or more whorls
What does the word perfect mean?
What is another word for this?
This means that there are male and female parts on one single flower.
Another word is synoecious.
What does the word imperfect mean?
It means that each flower only has either male or female parts - unisexual flowers.
Describe monoecious and dioecious in terms of imperfect flowers.
Monoecious - imperfect flowers on the same plant
Dioecious - imperfect flowers on different plants
What does the word hypogynous mean?
This means that the ovary is below the other parts of the flower like the petals, stamen, sepals.
What does the word perigynous mean?
This means that the ovary is the center of the plant and the other structures form a ring around it.
What does the word epigynous mean?
This means that the ovary is above the other flower parts.
What type of symmetry does a regular flower have?
Another word for this?
Radial symmetry - it can be bisected on any plane
Actinomorphic
What type of symmetry does an irregular flower have?
Another word for this?
Bilateral symmetry - it can only be bisected on one plane.
Zygomorphic
What does the term Inflorescence mean?
This is the arrangement or grouping of flowers on a plant.
What does raceme mean?
This is a type of inflorescence where flowers are attached to a central stem with shorter stalks.
What does spike mean?
This is a type of inflorescence where the flowers are attached to a central stem but have really no stalks.
What does panicle mean?
This is a type of inflorescence where there is a branched cluster of flowers.
What does umbel mean?
This is a type of inflorescence where flowers arise from a single point at the top of the stem.
What does head mean?
This is a type of inflorescence where the flowers are clustered closely together on a flat rounded surface.
What is palynology?
The study of pollen.
How do we get microspores?
What do the microspores become?
Meiosis of the microspore mother cell (2n)
The microspores become multicellular microgametophytes that have a tube cell and 2 generative cells.
What is exine?
the chemically resistant outer layer of the pollen grain.
what is the advantage of stamens and
carpels maturing at different times?
The advantage of stamens (male reproductive organs) and carpels (female reproductive organs) maturing at different times is that it can help prevent self-pollination. This strategy promotes genetic diversity, which is beneficial for the survival of a species.
What happens post fertilization to the perianth and the stamen?
Ovary?
Ovules?
They wither away
Ovary expands and becomes the fruit.
Ovules become seeds.
What is the pericarp?
The fruit wall that develops from the ovary wall.
Where do we get simple fleshy fruits?
From single or fused carpels.
What is the difference between dry dehiscent fruits and dry indehiscent fruits?
dehiscent are open at maturity (think peas)
indehiscent are closed at maturity (think apples)
What are aggregate fruits?
These are fruits from a single flower with multiple separate carpels.
What are multiple fruits?
These are fruits that result from the fusion of ovaries that are apart of an inflorescence.
