Jan. 23rd (Exam One) Flashcards
What are the 3 domains?
What are the the five kingdoms in the traditional system of classification?
Domains: Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea
Kingdoms: Bacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
How many Phyla (divisions) are in the Plantae Kingdom?
How many basic groupings come from these phyla?
12
in four basic groupings
What are embyophytes?
These are plants that will retain the embryo within the female gametangium (archegonium).
What kind of things are involved in light harvesting?
(Think pigments)
- Chlorophyll A
- Chlorophyll B
- Carotenoids
What are the traits that we use to distinguish different types of plants?
(there are 6)
- Retention of embryo
- Presence of stomata
- Vascular tissue
- True leaves
- Presence of seeds
- Presence of flowers and fruits
Explain what alternation of generation means within plants (n vs 2n).
Alternation of generation is seen in what type of plants?
There is an alternation of the haploid generation (gametophyte) and the diploid generation (sporophyte).
Seen in ALL land plants
Which generation produces gametes? (Meiosis or Mitosis)
Which generation produces spores? (Meiosis or Mitosis)
Gametophyte (archegonia-F) (antheridia-M)
Mitosis
Sporophyte - Meiosis
What is the general trend to the evolution of plants in regards to their gametophyte and sporophyte forms?
General trend is to see a more dominant sporophyte stage.
Review from lab:
What are the Bryophytes we talked about?
- Mosses
- Liverworts
- Hornworts
Describe the main characteristics of Bryophytes.
- Non-vascular
- Haploid dominant
- Produce spores of one type
- Seedless
The part of the moss that we can see is most likely…
The haploid dominant portion.
How many different species of Bryophytes are there?
25k
What type of environments do bryophytes typically live in?
Shady, moist areas with stable moisture, humidity and low light.
When did bryophytes evolve?
(Hint: time of first amphibians)
450 mya
Bryophytes are found early in ecological succession, and they are called a ____________ species.
Pioneer.
What are epiphytes?
These are plants that grow on the outside of other plants, oftentimes trees.
What were mosses, such as Sphagnum historically used for?
- Insulation
- Wound dressings
- Absorbing things
- Mined for peat
- Making soil richer
What is the phylum that includes liverworts?
What are they most closely related to?
Hepatophyta
They are most closely related to green algae of all land plants.
Where does the word liverwort come from?
How do liverworts reproduce asexually?
Wort = herb
The name “liverwort” comes from the Doctrine of Signatures, where plants resembling body parts were thought to treat related ailments.
They reproduce asexually via gemmae cups.
What is the phylum for Hornworts?
What is unique about hornworts within the bryophytes?
Anthocerophyta.
They have a sporophyte shaped like a spindle and a sporophyte that sits on top of the gametophyte and is semi-independent.
What is the phylum for mosses?
How do they reproduce asexually
Bryophyta
They reproduce asexually via fragmentation of the gametophyte.
Review from lab:
What are the Seedless Vascular Plants we talked about?
- Ferns
- Horsetail
- Whisk ferns
- Club moss
Describe the main characteristic of Seedless Vascular Plants.
- Vascular
- Sporophyte dominance
- Seedless
- Produce seeds of one type
When did Seedless Vascular Plants appear in the fossil record?
430 mya
shortly after Bryophytes.
The seedless vascular plants coevolved with _____________ fungi.
corrhizal fungi
What era where the seedless vascular plants the most dominant?
late-Paleozoic
What kind of environments are required for seedless vascular plant sperm dispersal and fertilization?
In what type of environments are seedless vascular plants the most diverse?
Wet/Moist Environments
Highest diversity in warm moist environments.
What type of forests were dominated by seedless vascular plants?
Carboniferous
What is the phylum for club mosses?
What were they like during the paleozoic?
What are they like now?
Lycophyta
They used to be tree-like
They are now in the prostrate form, meaning that they grow horizontally on the ground.
What was lycopodium used for?
- Flash powder (flammable)
- Wound dressing (antibacterial and coagulant elements)
What is the name of the lycophyte that is native to Nebraska?
Selaginella rupestris
What is the lycophyte knows as the “Resurrection Plant”?
Selaginella lepidophylla
What is the phylum for horsetails?
What is the only genus?
Sphenophyta.
Equisetum
Sphenophyta have true leaves. What does this mean?
What is the main photosynthetic organ of sphenophyta?
It means that their leaves have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem).
The stem is the dominant photosynthetic organ.
What was prehistoric equisetophyta like?
Why is it known as scouring rush?
It was like 60 feet tall!
There is silica in the exterior of the stem, used to clean stuff.
What is the phylum for whisk ferns?
Psilophyta have a dichotomously branched, photosynthetic stem.
What does this mean?
Psilophyta
This mean that they stem will split into two equal branches repeatedly.
What is the phylum for Ferns?
What are the ranges of sizes for this phylum?
Pterophyta
Ranges from tiny aquatic plants to tree ferns that can be 20m tall
What may be found on the back of the leaf of a fern, containing many sporangia?
Sori which is a term to describe many distinct groups of sporangia
Review From Lab:
What are the gymnosperms that we talked about?
- Conifers
- Ginkgo
- Cycads
- Gnetophytes
Describe the main characteristic of gymnosperms.
- Vascular
- Diploid Dominant
- Has seeds
- Spores of two types
What is unique about the ovule (which becomes the seed) in gymnosperms as compared to angiosperms?
Their ovules are “naked” or exposed.
Angiosperm ovules are enclosed
Groups similar to modern __________________ evolved and diversified to become the dominant biomass in the Mesozoic Era.
Where are these dominant species today?
Gymnosperms
They are thought to be extinct.
What is the phylum for Cycads?
What are their leaves like?
Cycadophyta
They have palm-like leaves.
Where can we find Cycads now?
They are mainly found within the southern hemisphere.
Why are residents of Guam concerned about bats hanging out in Cycad trees?
Because bats can accumulate BMAA toxin from the seeds of the Cycad and residents or other members of the ecosystem eat the bats and get the toxin in them as well.
What is the phylum for Ginkgo?
What is the only living member?
Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo biloba
What is unique about Ginkgophyta?
They have distinct fan-shaped leaves that have remained unchanged for 150 million years.
Is Ginkgophyta monoecious or dioecious?
What is the female ovulate cone called?
What does this become?
It is dioecious.
It is called the stinky ovulate cone - megasporangia
It eventually becomes the seed.
What are Ginkgo biloba seeds used for?
- Used as herbal medicine for memory
- Used at chinese weddings for their symbolism.
What is the phylum for Gnetophytes?
What are the three genera of this phylum?
Gnetophyta.
- Ephedra
- Gnetum
- Welwitschia
What kind of tea is Ephedra used in?
Why?
Mormon Tea
It has stimulating properties - has ephedrine.
What is the phylum for Conifers?
Coniferophyta
What is the dominant tree of northern forests?
Conifers
What are conifers sourced for?
- Lumber
- Rosin
- Paper Pulp
- Turpentine (oil)
The largest tree in the world by volume is the….
Giant Sequoia
(Conifer)
The oldest tree in the world is….
Bristlecone pine.
Generally, conifers are intolerant of __________.
Shade.
What types of conifers are monoecious?
What types of conifers are dioecious?
Choices: Cypress, Pine, Spruce (Picea), Yew, Junipers, Fir, Sequoia
Monoecious:
- Cypress
- Pine
- Spruce (Picea)
- Fir
- Sequoia
Dioecious:
- Yew
- Juniper
What is the phylum for angiosperms?
Magnoliophyta.
What are angiosperms known as?
They are the flowering/fruiting plants.
Describe the main characteristics of angiosperms.
- Vascular
- Diploid Dominant
- Has seeds
- Has two types of spores
What is the most abundant type of plant on the planet by biomass?
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are the most diverse plant group of all land plants with over _______ species.
250k
What structure in angiosperms eventually becomes the fruit?
The ovary.
Why would natural selection favor the dominant diploid sporophyte rather than the dominant gametophyte form?
Because it grants the plant more genetic diversity, possibly allowing better adaptations to changing environments.
It also prevent harmful mutations from being the end of the organism.
What is amber?
Why might it be important?
Amber is fossilized tree resin; we mostly get it from conifers.
It can preserve ancient life for a long time.
