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Clinical Chemistry LEC > March 15 (LAB) > Flashcards

March 15 (LAB) Flashcards

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1
Q

Condensation method

A

Ortho-toluidine (dubowski method)

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2
Q

Condesation of glucose with witha primary aromatic amine in glacial acetic acid, forming an equilipibrium mixture of a glycosylamine and the corresponding schiff base

A

Ortho-toluidine

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3
Q

glycosylamine + schiff’s base

A

Ortho-toluidine

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4
Q

Colormetric glucose oxidase method (saifer gerstenfield method)

A

Glucose oxidase method

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5
Q

Polarographic glucose oxidase

A

Glucose oxidase method

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6
Q

Whole blood is __ lower than serum or plasma

A

11%

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7
Q

leukocytosis (increased WBCs) is up to __ mins

A

90 mins

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8
Q

is present in the gray tube
which is used for glucose determination

A

Sodium fluoride

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9
Q

inhibits the glycolytic enzyme
enolase which acts as an anticoagulant

A

Sodium fluoride

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10
Q

There is also __ which inhibits the
glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase

A

acetate

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11
Q

Glycolysis decreases serum glucose by approximately
__ (5 to 10 mg/L) in normal
uncentrifuged coagulated blood at room temperature

A

5% to 7% in 1 hour

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12
Q

Refrigerated (___C)
○ Serum or Plasma: stable up to ___
○ Whole blood: 2mg Na fluoride per mL of whole
blood (48 hrs)

A

2-8*C, 48 hrs

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13
Q

Refrigerated (___C)
○ Serum or Plasma: stable up to ___
○ Whole blood: 2mg Na fluoride per mL of whole
blood (48 hrs)

A

2-8*C, 48 hrs

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14
Q

Different lab methods to determine glucose levels in the
sample

A

○ Chemical method
○ Enzymatic method

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15
Q

A. Oxidation-Reduction Method
1. Alkaline Copper Reduction Method:

A

a. Folin Wu Method
b. Nelson Somogyi Method
c. Neocuproine Method
d. Benedict’s Method

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16
Q
  1. Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method
A

a. Hagedorn Jensen

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17
Q

B. Condensation Method

A

a. Dubowski Method

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18
Q

Principle: reduction of cupric ions to cuprous
ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline
solution by glucose

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

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19
Q

The glucose reduces cupric ions present in the
alkaline copper reagent to cuprous ions or the
cupric sulfate is converted to cuprous oxide
which reduces the phosphomolybdic acid to
phosphomolybdous acid

A

Folin Wu Method

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20
Q

Sugars with reducing properties are rising out
of the presence of the potential aldehyde or
keto group called the reducing sugars
● Ex of reducing sugars

A

Nelson Somogyi Method

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21
Q

The reducing sugars when heated with the
alkaline copper tartrate reduce copper from the
cupric state and cuprous oxide is formed

A

Nelson Somogyi Method

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22
Q

When cuprous oxide is heated with
arsenomolybdate, there will be reduction of ___ to ___
which has the color ___

A

molybdic acid to molybdenum, blue

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23
Q

420 nm

A

Folin Wu method

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24
Q

The copper in oxidation state reacts with
neocuproine forming a complex, this complex is
extracted into a chloroform methanol mixture
giving a yellow or yellow-orange solution

A

Neocuproine method

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25
Q

Used for detection and quantitation of reducing
substances in body fluids like blood and urine

A

Benedict’s method

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26
Q

Can be used for identification of glucose in the
urine

A

Benedict’s method

27
Q

It has a principle that when the reducing sugars
are mixed with the Benedict’s reagent and
heated, a reduction reaction causes the
benedict’s reagent to change color

A

Benedic’ts method

28
Q

Color varies from green to brick red,
rusty brown = depending on the
amount of sugar

A

Benedic’ts test

29
Q

Aldolases are easily
oxidized to yield carboxylic acid

A

Fehling’s test

30
Q

■ Benedict’s solution contains
the Cu 2+ ___
■ Fehling’s solution contains
the Cu 2+ ___

A

citrate, tartrate

31
Q

It involves reduction of yellow ferricyanide to a
colorless ferrocyanide by glucose (inverse
colorimetry)

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method (Hagedorn Jensen)

32
Q

Condensation of glucose with primary aromatic
amine in glacial acetic acid, forming an
equilibrium mixture of a glycosylamine and the
corresponding Schiff base

A

Ortho-toluidine (Dubowski Method)

33
Q

Acts on glucose but not on other sugars and reducing
substances.

A

ENZYMATIC METHODS

34
Q

is used to oxidize a dye compound to commonly
chromogens are used in this type of method.

A

H2O2

35
Q

is used to catalyze the second
reaction.

A

Horseradish peroxidase

36
Q

Increased levels of __,___,___
can cause falsely decreased values as a result of these
substances being oxidized by peroxidase, which then
prevents the oxidation and detection of the chromogen.

A

uric acid, bilirubin, and ascorbic acid

37
Q

Measures rate of oxygen consumption which is
proportional to glucose concentration.

A

Polarographic Glucose Oxidase

38
Q

Glucose oxidase in the reagent catalyzes the oxidation of
glucose by oxygen under first order conditions, forming
___.

A

hydrogen peroxide

39
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is prevented from re-forming oxygen
by adding ___,___,___, and ____.

A

molybdate, iodide, catalase and ethanol

40
Q

___ can be used to perform the direct
measurement of oxygen by polarographic technique.

A

Oxygen consumption

41
Q

More accurate than glucose oxidase method

A

Hexokinase Method

42
Q

Hexokinase in the presence of ATP converts glucose to
___

A

glucose 6 phosphate

43
Q

___ is added to shorten the time

A

Mutarotose

44
Q

___ is touched to a drop of blood and inserted
into the meter which gives a digital reading of the blood
sugar; gives the unit of mmol/L

A

Dextrostics

45
Q

An enzyme-impregnated strip used with a small portable
electronic colour-measuring device for convenient
estimation of the blood sugar levels by diabetics.

A

Dextrostics

46
Q

used for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in
people with diabetes

A

Interstitial glucose monitoring device

47
Q

Laboratory Testing for GLUCOSE

A
  1. Random plasma glucose (random blood sugar)
  2. Fasting plasma glucose (FBS)
  3. Tolerance test
  4. HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin test)
  5. Fructosamine
  6. Urine Microalbumin
  7. Ketone testing
48
Q

Random Plasma Glucose

A

● Formerly random blood sugar (RBS)
● Specimens collected anytime of the day
● Usually done in a glucometer
● NO NORMAL VALUES
○ Bcs the glucose is measured randomly

49
Q

First step to measure the glucose in the blood is to
convert glucose concentration into ___ or amount or
the current signal

A

voltage

50
Q

●___ To determine how well your body metabolizes glucose
over a required period of time
● ___ samples in total

A

Oral glucose tolerance test, 3

51
Q

Hemoglobin A is irreversibly glycosylated at
one or both N-terminal valines of the B-chains
of the tetrameric hemoglobin molecule
(International Federation of Chemistry Working
Group on HBA1c)

A

HbA1c

52
Q

Is the largest subfraction of normal HBA
involved in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals

A

HbA1c

53
Q

It will cause the decreased value of your HBA1c

A

Hemoglibonpathy

54
Q

A genetic defect that results in abnormal
structure of one of the globin chains of the
hemoglobin molecule

A

Hemoglibonpathy

55
Q

Also known as the glycosylated albumin

A

Fructosamine

56
Q

Most useful if the HBA1c is unreliable due to
hemoglobinopathy or hemolysis

A

Fructosamine

57
Q

Most widely used to assess short-term (__to__ week)
glycemic control

A

Fructosamine, 3-6 weeks

58
Q

Test to detect very small levels of protein (albumin) in
urine

A

Urine Microalbumin

59
Q

beta-HBA, acetoacetic acid, and acetone

A

Ketone

60
Q

greatly increased in the Keto acidosis
due to the altered rate and elevated levels of
___ in hepatic mitochondria

A

NADH

61
Q

In serum acetone, it is indicative of defect in
carbohydrate metabolism when the same
acetone is increased

A

beta-HBA, acetoacetic acid, and acetone

62
Q

Used of ferric chloride reacted with
acetoacetic acid to produce a ___ color

A

Gerhatt’s, Red color

63
Q

■ Reacts with acetoacetic acid in an
alkaline pH to form a ___ color
■ Urine reagent strip test and Acetest
tablets

A

Sodium Nitroprusside, Purple Color

64
Q

To detect either 3-b-hydroxybutyric
acid or acetoacetic acid

A

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

Clinical Chemistry LEC (5 decks)

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