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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

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1
Q

2 blood supplies of liver and their type and percentage

A

Hepatic artery (25% oxygen rich blood)

Portail Vein (75% nutrient rich blood)

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2
Q

Chief metabolic organ

A

Liver

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3
Q

Liver is composed of ___(_%) and ___ cells

A

80% Hepatocytes; Kupffer cells

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4
Q

Considered as the liver’s macrophage

A

Kupffer cells

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5
Q

Functional unit of liver

A

Lobules

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6
Q

Portal triad is combosed of?

A

Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct

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7
Q

Liver has the capacity to regenerate by ___ and ___

A

cell distortion; hypertrophy

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8
Q

During lobectomy, the patient can survive as long as only __% is taken

A

65%

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9
Q

Flow of blood in the liver

A

Hepatic artery & Portal vein > Hepatic sinusoids > Central Canal

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10
Q

Flow of waste products in hepatocytes

A

Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → duodenum of Small Intestine

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11
Q

Example of waste product in liver

A

bilirubin

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12
Q

Capable to create substances

A

Synthetic funtion

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13
Q

Plasma proteins, CHO, lipids, LPPs, clotting factors, ketone
bodies and enzymes

A

Synthetic function

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14
Q

CHO:

A

Glycogen, glucose

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15
Q

Lipids:

A

Lipoproteins, VLDL, cholesterol etc

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16
Q

Clotting factor

A

Fibrinogen, calcium

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17
Q

Normal synthetic function

A

12g albumin/ day

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18
Q

Metabolism of cholesterol into bile acid

A

Synthetic function

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19
Q

Almost all proteins are synthesized in the liver except for __

A

Immunoglobulins

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20
Q

Bilirubin Metabolism

A

Conjugation function

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21
Q

___ - ___ mg of bilirubin (conjugated) produced daily

A

200-300

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22
Q

The average lifespan of RBCs is __ days.

A

120 days

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23
Q

The phagocytosed RBC’s breakdown product is __ and __.

A

GLOBIN and HEME

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24
Q

this will be further metabolized into amino acids, which will be delivered in amino acid pool (to be reused later on for protein synthesis)

A

globin

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25
Q

Inside the heme is ___ and ___

A

porphyrin ring and iron

26
Q

___: (if it is not in the pathway of the liver) it will be transferred or carried to the liver through a carrier protein, known as __

A

Iron; TRANSFERRIN

27
Q

The form of iron that the transferrin can carry

A

Ferric iron (Fe3+)

28
Q

Storage form of iron

A

Ferritin

29
Q

Heme (Porhyrin ring) is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___

A

biliverdin; heme oxygenase

30
Q

Biliverdin is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___

A

unconjugated bilirubin; biliverdin reductase

31
Q

carrier protein of unconjugated bilirubin

A

Albumin

32
Q

Where will unconjugated bilirubin go? − If ever it is not in the liver, it will be carried by the albumin to the __.

A

hepatocyte

33
Q

The unconjugated bilirubin will enter the hepatocyte through either of this two methods:

A
  1. Passive diffusion
  2. Receptor mediated endocytosis
34
Q

substances found inside the hepatocyte: __ and __

A

Y&Z Proteins and Ligandin

35
Q

When there is now a complex with Y&Z Proteins, Ligandin, and Unconjugated proteins, they will now go to the ___ of the hepatocyte

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

36
Q

This is where the conjugation of B1 will take place.

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

37
Q

the enzyme that will conjugate the B1 to B2 or the conjugated bilirubin

A

Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT)

38
Q

Now, the conjugated bilirubin or B2 will be excreted by the hepatocyte ▪

excretion pathway: Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → ___

A

duodenum of SMALL INTESTINE

39
Q

Intestinal bacteria is present in the intestine
→ This bacteria will convert B2 into ___

A

mesobilirubin

40
Q

Mesobilirubin will be converted next to ___

A

mesobilirubinogen

41
Q

From mesobilirubinogen, it will become ___.

A

urobilinogen

42
Q

Now, ___% of the urobilinogen will become ___.

A

80%; stercobilin

43
Q

The reason why feces is brown

A

stercobilin

44
Q

The remaining 20% of the urobilinogen will go to either the ___ or the ___.

A

extrahepatic circulation; systemic circulation

45
Q

the urobilinogen will be reabsorbed into the blood and goes either into the liver for reexcretion in the bile, or the urine.

A

extrahepatic circulation

46
Q

urobilinogen may go to the kidney, then to the urinary bladder.

A

Systemic circulation

47
Q

if this urobilinogen stays in the urinary bladder, it will
converted to ___

A

urobilin

48
Q

ONE of the substances that causes the
yellow coloration of the urine.

A

Urobilin

49
Q

is the primary substance that causes the yellow
coloration of urine

A

Urochrome

50
Q

B2 + Albumin

A

delta bilirubin

51
Q

Fractions of bilirubin - B1

A

● bilirubin monoglucuronide
● unconjugated bilirubin
● water- insoluble bilirubin
● indirect bilirubin
● non-polar bilirubin

52
Q

Fractions of bilirubin - B2

A

● bilirubin diglucuronide
● conjugated bilirubin
● water- soluble bilirubin
● direct bilirubin
● polar bilirubin

53
Q

TOTAL BILIRUBIN

A

B1+ B2 + DELTA BILIRUBIN

54
Q

B1

A

TOTAL BILIRUBIN - B2

55
Q

Protects body from potentially harmful substances absorbed
from GIT and toxic by-products of metabolism

A

DETOXIFICATION AND DRUG METABOLISM

56
Q

Through urea cycle

A

Ammonia

57
Q

● Excretion of bile- bile acids or salts, pigments, cholesterol
● Bile acids

A

EXCRETORY AND SECRETORY FUNCTIONS

58
Q

→ Cholic acid ▪ Conjugated cholic acid → ___

A

cholate

59
Q

→ Chenodeoxycholic acid ▪ Conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid → ___

A

chenodeoxycholate

60
Q

Glycine are conjugated with glycine and taurine forming __

A

bile salts

61
Q

All fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins ADEK

62
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B12

Clinical Chemistry LEC (5 decks)

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