Liver Flashcards
2 blood supplies of liver and their type and percentage
Hepatic artery (25% oxygen rich blood)
Portail Vein (75% nutrient rich blood)
Chief metabolic organ
Liver
Liver is composed of ___(_%) and ___ cells
80% Hepatocytes; Kupffer cells
Considered as the liver’s macrophage
Kupffer cells
Functional unit of liver
Lobules
Portal triad is combosed of?
Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct
Liver has the capacity to regenerate by ___ and ___
cell distortion; hypertrophy
During lobectomy, the patient can survive as long as only __% is taken
65%
Flow of blood in the liver
Hepatic artery & Portal vein > Hepatic sinusoids > Central Canal
Flow of waste products in hepatocytes
Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → duodenum of Small Intestine
Example of waste product in liver
bilirubin
Capable to create substances
Synthetic funtion
Plasma proteins, CHO, lipids, LPPs, clotting factors, ketone
bodies and enzymes
Synthetic function
CHO:
Glycogen, glucose
Lipids:
Lipoproteins, VLDL, cholesterol etc
Clotting factor
Fibrinogen, calcium
Normal synthetic function
12g albumin/ day
Metabolism of cholesterol into bile acid
Synthetic function
Almost all proteins are synthesized in the liver except for __
Immunoglobulins
Bilirubin Metabolism
Conjugation function
___ - ___ mg of bilirubin (conjugated) produced daily
200-300
The average lifespan of RBCs is __ days.
120 days
The phagocytosed RBC’s breakdown product is __ and __.
GLOBIN and HEME
this will be further metabolized into amino acids, which will be delivered in amino acid pool (to be reused later on for protein synthesis)
globin
Inside the heme is ___ and ___
porphyrin ring and iron
___: (if it is not in the pathway of the liver) it will be transferred or carried to the liver through a carrier protein, known as __
Iron; TRANSFERRIN
The form of iron that the transferrin can carry
Ferric iron (Fe3+)
Storage form of iron
Ferritin
Heme (Porhyrin ring) is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___
biliverdin; heme oxygenase
Biliverdin is converted to ___ with the enzyme ___
unconjugated bilirubin; biliverdin reductase
carrier protein of unconjugated bilirubin
Albumin
Where will unconjugated bilirubin go? − If ever it is not in the liver, it will be carried by the albumin to the __.
hepatocyte
The unconjugated bilirubin will enter the hepatocyte through either of this two methods:
- Passive diffusion
- Receptor mediated endocytosis
substances found inside the hepatocyte: __ and __
Y&Z Proteins and Ligandin
When there is now a complex with Y&Z Proteins, Ligandin, and Unconjugated proteins, they will now go to the ___ of the hepatocyte
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
This is where the conjugation of B1 will take place.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
the enzyme that will conjugate the B1 to B2 or the conjugated bilirubin
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT)
Now, the conjugated bilirubin or B2 will be excreted by the hepatocyte ▪
excretion pathway: Bile canal → intrahepatic ducts → right or left hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → ___
duodenum of SMALL INTESTINE
Intestinal bacteria is present in the intestine
→ This bacteria will convert B2 into ___
mesobilirubin
Mesobilirubin will be converted next to ___
mesobilirubinogen
From mesobilirubinogen, it will become ___.
urobilinogen
Now, ___% of the urobilinogen will become ___.
80%; stercobilin
The reason why feces is brown
stercobilin
The remaining 20% of the urobilinogen will go to either the ___ or the ___.
extrahepatic circulation; systemic circulation
the urobilinogen will be reabsorbed into the blood and goes either into the liver for reexcretion in the bile, or the urine.
extrahepatic circulation
urobilinogen may go to the kidney, then to the urinary bladder.
Systemic circulation
if this urobilinogen stays in the urinary bladder, it will
converted to ___
urobilin
ONE of the substances that causes the
yellow coloration of the urine.
Urobilin
is the primary substance that causes the yellow
coloration of urine
Urochrome
B2 + Albumin
delta bilirubin
Fractions of bilirubin - B1
● bilirubin monoglucuronide
● unconjugated bilirubin
● water- insoluble bilirubin
● indirect bilirubin
● non-polar bilirubin
Fractions of bilirubin - B2
● bilirubin diglucuronide
● conjugated bilirubin
● water- soluble bilirubin
● direct bilirubin
● polar bilirubin
TOTAL BILIRUBIN
B1+ B2 + DELTA BILIRUBIN
B1
TOTAL BILIRUBIN - B2
Protects body from potentially harmful substances absorbed
from GIT and toxic by-products of metabolism
DETOXIFICATION AND DRUG METABOLISM
Through urea cycle
Ammonia
● Excretion of bile- bile acids or salts, pigments, cholesterol
● Bile acids
EXCRETORY AND SECRETORY FUNCTIONS
→ Cholic acid ▪ Conjugated cholic acid → ___
cholate
→ Chenodeoxycholic acid ▪ Conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid → ___
chenodeoxycholate
Glycine are conjugated with glycine and taurine forming __
bile salts
All fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
Water soluble vitamins
B12
