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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Most abundant organic molecules in nature

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates rae stored primarily in the two most important systems, what are those?

A

Liver and Muscle glycogen

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3
Q

C=O

A

carbonyl

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4
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl

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5
Q

Major energy source

A

Glucose

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6
Q

The “storage form” of energy

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

Component of the cell membranes

A

Glycoprotein

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8
Q

Shows linear structure

A

Fischer projection

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9
Q

Shows cyclic structure

A

Haworth projection

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10
Q

Showing the stereochemistry or location of the attached molecules to the monosaccaride

A

Haworth projection

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11
Q

4 classifications of carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Oligosaccharides
  4. Polysaccharides
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12
Q

Contain just one sugar unit

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

Glucose, fructose, Galactose are?

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

Examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

Contain two sugar units bonded together

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

Formed by the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

Bond between two monosaccharides is called a _______

A

glycosidic bond

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18
Q

Carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by ____

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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20
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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21
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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22
Q

Bond of Maltose

A

a-1,4-glycosidic bond

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23
Q

Bond of sucrose

A

a-1,b-2-glycosidic bond

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24
Q

Bond of lactose

A

b-1,4-glycosidic bond

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25
Q

Found in malt sugar

A

maltose

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26
Q

Found in Table sugar

A

Sucrose

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27
Q

Found in milk

A

Lactose

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28
Q

Contain 2-10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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29
Q

All disaccharides are oligosaccharides

A

TRUE

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30
Q

More than 10 units of sugar molecule

A

Polysaccharides

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31
Q

Two types of polysaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides

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32
Q

Contains the same type of monosaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharides

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33
Q

contains different types of monosaccharides

A

Heteropolysaccharide

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34
Q

Examples of homopolysaccharide

A
  1. Starch
  2. Amylose
  3. Amylopectin
  4. Glycogen
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35
Q

Examples of heteropolysaccharide

A
  1. Cellulose
  2. Pectin
  3. Chtin
  4. Heparin
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36
Q

A polysaccharide that is found in blood

A

Heparin

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37
Q

Size of the base carbon chain:
1. Trioses
2. Teroses
3. Pentoses
4. Hexoses

A
  1. 3 carbons
  2. 4 carbons
  3. 5 carbons
  4. 6 carbons
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38
Q

The funtional group of aldose is an ____

A

aldehyde

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39
Q

Functional group is an aldehyde

A

Aldose

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40
Q

Carbonyl group at the end

A

Aldose

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41
Q

Examples of aldose

A

glucose, galactose, mannose

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42
Q

Functional group is a ketone

A

Ketose

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43
Q

The functional group of ketose is a ___

A

Ketone

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44
Q

Carbonyl group at any other position

A

Ketose

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45
Q

Ketose carbonyl carbon is found at ___

A

any other position

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46
Q

Aldose carbonyl carbon is found at ___

A

the end

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47
Q

Example of ketose

A

Fructose

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48
Q

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

A

Isomers

49
Q

Examples of isomers

A

glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose - they have the same formula (C6H12O6)

50
Q

Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom (exept the carbonyl carbon)

A

Epimers

51
Q

Examples of epimers

A
  1. glucose and galactose (differ only in position
    of -OH in C4)
  2. glucose and mannose (differ only in position
    of -OH in C2)
52
Q

Optical isomers or stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers

53
Q

Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each
other

A

Enantiomers

54
Q

The enantiomers are designated as: D - sugar

A

(Dextrorotatory) - RIGHT

55
Q

The enantiomers are designated as: L - sugar

A

(Levorotatory) - LEFT

56
Q

In Enantiomers, __-sugars are more common

A

D-sugars

57
Q

To determine whether you are going to use D or L, you need to
identify or locate first the ___

A

PENULTIMATE CARBON

58
Q

___ is the second to the last carbon or the
farthest chiral carbon from the carbonyl

A

Penultimate carbon

59
Q

If the OH group of the penultimate carbon is on the RIGHT, it is a ___

A

D-Sugar

60
Q

If the OH group of the penultimate carbon is on the LEFT, it is a ___

A

L-Sugar

61
Q

Cyclic monosaccharides or glucosides that are
epimers differing from each other in the configuration

A

Anomers

62
Q

Furanose:

A

Five membered rings

63
Q

Pyranose:

A

Six membered rings

64
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

in the mouth

65
Q

Carbohydrates are first digested in the mouth by ___

A

salivary amylase

66
Q

In absorption onlye ___ are absorbed

A

monosaccharides

67
Q

Which side is SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)?

A

Luminal side

68
Q

Secondary active transport

A

SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)

69
Q

SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter) is for?

A

glucose and galactose

70
Q

Which side is GLUT-5?

A

Luminal side

71
Q

Facilitates diffusion

A

GLUT-5

72
Q

for fructose

A

GLUT-5

73
Q

for glucose and galactose

A

SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)

74
Q

It is secondary because the primary active transport is in the sodium-potassium pump

A

SGLT-1 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter)

75
Q

Which side is GLUT-2?

A

Basolateral side

76
Q

GLUT-2 facilitates ___?

A

diffusion

77
Q

Facilitates diffusion

A

GLUT-2

78
Q

For ALL TYPES of Monosaccharides?

A

GLUT-2

79
Q

Glucose pathways?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Glycogenolysis
  4. Glycogenisis
  5. Lipogenesis
  6. Lipolysis
80
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

81
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

82
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis

83
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

84
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

85
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

86
Q

inadequate oxygen level, especially during exercise

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

87
Q

Glucose→Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→Krebs Cycle→Oxidative

A

Glucose→Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→Krebs Cycle→Oxidative

88
Q

How many atp in 1 molecule of glucose

A

36 adenosine triphosphates

89
Q

Did not take carbohydrates in less than a day

A

Brief fast

90
Q

Glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis

A

Brief fast

91
Q

In Brief fast, Glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through ___?

A

glycogenolysis

92
Q

Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis)

A

Fasting period longer than 1 day

93
Q

In Fasting period longer than 1 day, Glucose is synthesized from ___? through ___?

A

noncarbohydrate sources, gluconeogenesis

94
Q

Control of blood glucose is under 2 major hormones:

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
95
Q

Hormone Regulation

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Thyroxine
Somatostatin
Incretins

96
Q

Hormone regulation for increase

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine
Somatostatin

97
Q

Hormone regulation for decrease

A

Insulin
Incretins

98
Q

In high glucose level (after eating), ___ of the pancreas are stimulated to release ___ into the blood.

A

beta- cells, insulin

99
Q

In high glucose level (after eating), Body cells will take up more ___ and Liver takes up glucose and stores it as ___?

A

glucose, glycogen

100
Q

In Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal), ___ of the pancreas stimulated to release ___ into the blood

A

Alpha cells, glucagon

101
Q

In Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal), Liver breaks down ___ and releases glucose into the blood

A

glycogen

102
Q

is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas.

A

Insulin

103
Q

Insulin is normally secreted by the ___ (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas

A

beta-cells

104
Q

Stimulus of insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

105
Q

Actions of Insulin

A

→ Promotes glucose cellular entry
→ Muscles and adipose tissues
→ Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis (metabolism of glucose as a source of energy)
→ Inhibits glycogenolysis
→ Decrease blood glucose level

106
Q

Produced in the Alpha-cells of islets of Langerhans

A

Glucagon

107
Q

Glucagon is produced in the ___ of ___

A

alpha-cells, islets of Langerhans

108
Q

Stimulus of Glucagon

A

→ during stress
→ fasting states

109
Q

Actions of Glucagon

A

→ Enhances glycogenolysis (cause breakdown of glycogen forming glucose) and gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from another non-carbohydrate source)
→ Increases blood glucose level

110
Q

Exocrine enzymes:

A

Amylase and Lipase

111
Q

Endocrine, 4 hormones fromd ifferent cells in the islet of langerhans:

A

→ Glucagon (alpha cells)
→ Insulin (Beta-cells)
→ Somatostatin (delta cells)
→ Pancreatic polypeptide (PP or F cells)

112
Q

Increases blood glucose level

A

Glucagon - alpha cells

113
Q

Lowers blood glucose level

A

Insulin - Beta-cells

114
Q

inhibits the release of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Somatostatin - delta cells

115
Q

inhibits the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin

A

Somatostatin - delta cells

116
Q

prevents blood glucose level from increasing

A

Somatostatin - delta cells

117
Q

Regulate the exocrine and endocrine of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide - PP or F cells

118
Q

“hunger hormone”

A

Ghrelin - Epsilon cells

119
Q

Stimulate a person to become hungry

A

Ghrelin - Epsilon cells

Clinical Chemistry LEC (5 decks)

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