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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Collection of organic molecules of varying chemical composition

A

Lipids

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2
Q

4 Main Groups of Lipids

A

→ Fatty Acids (Saturated & Unsaturated)
→ Glycerides (Glycerol-containing Lipids)
→ Nonglyceride Lipids (Sphingolipids, Steroids, Wax)
→ Complex Lipids (Lipoproteins)

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3
Q

Energy Source → Oxidation = 1 gram of fat = ???

A

9 kcal of energy

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4
Q

More than ___ the energy released by oxidation of 1 gram of ___

A

twice, carbohydrate

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5
Q

Energy Storage

A

Triglycerides in adipocytes

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6
Q

storage form of CHOs are ___

A

glycogen

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7
Q

Basic structure of all cell membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids, Steroids

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8
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

Basic structure of all cell membranes

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9
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Vitamins

A

Lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K)

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11
Q

Vitamin Absorption

A

Dietary fat

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12
Q

Dietary fat

A

carrier of lipid-soluble vitamin

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13
Q

Protection

A

Fats as shock absorber

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14
Q

Insulation

A

Subcutaneous fat

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15
Q

Long-chain monocarboxylic acids (COOH)

A

Fatty Acids

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16
Q

Fatty acids are long-chain ___

A

monocarboxylic acids

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17
Q

Fatty acids generally contain an ___

A

even number of C atoms

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18
Q

Polar End

A

Hydrophilic End (OH)

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19
Q

Non-Polar End

A

Hydrophobic End

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20
Q

Hydrophobic End

A

fat-soluble tail (R) = hydrocarbon chain

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21
Q

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS:

A

Short-Chain Fatty Acids → Less than 6 C

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids → 6-10 C = includes 11

Long-Chain Fatty Acids → More than 12 C

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22
Q

Each C being ‘‘saturated’’ w/ H

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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23
Q

No double bonds

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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24
Q

General Formula of Saturated fatty acids

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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25
Q

Composed of at least 1 C-C double bond

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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26
Q

Almost are in the cis configuration

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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27
Q

Unsaturated FAs are composed of at least ___

A

1 C-C double bond

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28
Q

Unsaturated FAs almost are in the ___

A

cis configuration

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29
Q

Composed of 1 C-C double bond

A

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

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30
Q

MuFasare composed of __

A

1 C-C double bond

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31
Q

Composed of more than 1 C-C double bond

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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32
Q

PuFas are composed of ___

A

more than 1 C-C double bond

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33
Q

Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3)
of the carbon chain

A

Omega Number

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34
Q

Omega Number Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the ___
of the carbon chain

A

methyl end (CH3)

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35
Q

1st double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end

A

Omega 3 FA

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36
Q

6 carbons from methyl end

A

Omega 6 FA

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37
Q

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF HYDROGEN - Only applicable to ___

A

Unsaturated FAs

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38
Q

H’s on same side of the double bond

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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39
Q

Fold into a U-like formation

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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40
Q

Neighboring Hs repel e/o = bending of C chain

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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41
Q

Naturally occurring

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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42
Q

H’s on the opposite side of the DB

A

trans-Fatty Acid

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43
Q

Straight line = Hs are far apart from o/a

A

trans-Fatty Acid

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44
Q

Occur in partially hydrogenated food

A

trans-Fatty Acid

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45
Q

Fatty Acids w/ Double bond before C9

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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46
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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47
Q

Fatty acids w/o double bond bfore C9

A

Nonessential Fatty Acids

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48
Q

Body can’t form C=C DB before C9

A

Nonessential Fatty Acids

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49
Q

Forms C=C DB after C9

A

Nonessential Fatty Acids

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50
Q

Oleic Acid

A

Nonessential Fatty Acids

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51
Q

Fatty acids react w/ alcohols to
form esters & water

A

Esterification

52
Q

Products of dehydration of
carboxylic acid & alcohol

53
Q

Producing fatty acids from esters

A

Acid Hydrolysis

54
Q

Opposite of esterification

A

Acid Hydrolysis

55
Q

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester

A

Saponification

56
Q

Ionized salt product of the rx

57
Q

Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail & a negatively charged terminus (carboxylate)

58
Q

Form micelles that dissolve oil & dirt particles

59
Q

Common strong bases used in saponification

A

NaOH/KOH/Lard

60
Q

Used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable
oils into saturated solid fats

A

Hydrogenation

61
Q

Carried out to add hydrogen to some (but not all)
double bonds in polyunsaturated oils

A

Partial Hydrogenation

62
Q

Liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid form (Crisco & margarine)

A

Partial Hydrogenation

63
Q

Lipid esters containing the glycerol molecule and fatty acids

A

Glycerides

64
Q

Nonionic & nonpolar

A

Neutral Glycerides

65
Q

Produced after the esterification of glycerol w/ a fatty acid

A

Neutral Glycerides

66
Q

Esterification may occur at 1, 2, or all 3 positions

A

→ Monoglycerides
→ Diglycerides
→ Triglycerides = most important and main storage form of lipids in man (adipocytes)

67
Q

Have a polar/hydrophilic region (phosphoryl group) in
addition to nonpolar/hydrophhobic FA tails

A

Phosphoglycerides

68
Q

Can be seen in our cell membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides

69
Q

Simplest phosphoglyceride

A

Phosphatidate

70
Q

Lipids that are not derived from glycerol

A

Sphingolipids

71
Q

Amphipathic (have both polar & nonpolar ends) & structural components of cellular membranes

A

Sphingolipids

72
Q

Sphingolipids are derived from ___

A

sphingosine (long chain, N- containing alcohol)

73
Q

Located throughout the body

A

Sphingomyelins

74
Q

Impt. lipid components of nerve cell membranes

A

Sphingomyelins

75
Q

Found in abundance in the myelin sheath = surrounds & insulate cells of the CNS (neurons)

A

Sphingomyelins

76
Q

Role is essential to proper cerebral function and nerve transmission

A

Sphingomyelins

77
Q

Also considered as a phospholipid

A

Sphingomyelins

78
Q

Considered the smallest sphingolipid

A

Sphingomyelins

79
Q

Includes cerebrosides, sulfatides, & gangliosides

A

Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)

80
Q

fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine

81
Q

Built on a ceramide backbone structure

A

Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)

82
Q

Characterized by a single monosaccharide head group

A

Cerebrosides

83
Q

Found in the membranes of macrophages

A

Glucocerebroside

84
Q

Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose

A

Glucocerebroside

85
Q

Glucocerebroside → Found in the membranes of ___

A

Macrophages

86
Q

Found almost exclusively in the membranes of brain cells

A

Galactocerebroside

87
Q

Ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose

A

Galactocerebroside

88
Q

Galactocerebroside → Found almost exclusively in the membranes of __

A

brain cells

89
Q

steroid carbon skeleton

A

steroid nucleus

90
Q

Contain the steroid nucleus

91
Q

Steroid nucleus + OH

92
Q

Known sterol found in the membranes

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

Not purely hydrophobic = still has OH end

A

Amphipathic

94
Q

Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring

A

Cholesterol

95
Q

Chemical name for cholesterol

A

Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring

96
Q

Regulates membrane fluidity

A

Nonpolar Fused Ring

97
Q

Polar

A

Hydroxyl Group (OH)

98
Q

Almost exclusively synthesized by animals

A

Cholesterol

99
Q

Not readily catabolized by most cells

A

Cholesterol

100
Q

Can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids (cholic acid) & chenodeoxycholic acid

A

Cholesterol

101
Q

Esterified form of cholesterol

A

Cholesteryl Ester

102
Q

OH conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid

A

Cholesteryl Ester

103
Q

Very hydrophobic = no polar groups (OH)

A

Cholesteryl Ester

104
Q

Amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol

A

Bile Salts

105
Q

Synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

A

Bile Salts

106
Q

Bile salts are synthesized in the ___ and stored in the ___

A

liver, gallbladder

107
Q

Cholate & Chenodeoxycholate

A

Bile Salts

108
Q

aids in digestion of fats

A

Emulsifying agent - bile salts

109
Q

Emulsifying agent

A

bile salts

110
Q

Contains steroid nucleus

A

Steroid Hormones

111
Q

If found in the bloodstream = won’t mix w/ blood

A

Steroid Hormones

112
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

→ Testosterone
→ Progesterone
→ Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
→ Cortisone and Cortisol
→ Aldosterone

113
Q

Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical
compositions, depending on the source (paraffin wax)

114
Q

Waxes

A

→ Long hydrocarbon tails
→ Extremely hydrophobic = completely insoluble in water
→ Solid at room temp.

115
Q

Protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin creams & ointments)

116
Q

Bonded to other types of molecules

A

Complex Lipids

117
Q

Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, & cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

118
Q

Lipoproteins:

Shape →
Size →

A

Shape → Typically spherical
Size → Ranges from 10-1200 nm

119
Q

Protein part of LPP

A

Apolipoproteins

120
Q

Have larger core regions

A

Larger LPP

121
Q

Contain relatively more TAG & cholesteryl ester

A

Larger LPP

122
Q

The larger the LPP, the more lipid relative to CHON

123
Q

Classifications → Based on Centrifugation

won’t move in electrophoresis

A

Chylomicrons (chylos)

124
Q

Classifications → Based on Centrifugation

travels to beta region

A

Very-low-density LPP (VLDL)

125
Q

Classifications → Based on Centrifugation

travels to pre-beta region

A

Low-density LPP (LDL)

126
Q

Classifications → Based on Centrifugation

travels to alpha region

A

High-density LPP (HDL)

Clinical Chemistry LEC (5 decks)

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