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Clinical Med > Manifestation of Disease > Flashcards

Manifestation of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Health Definition

A

physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable internal environment

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3
Q

Disease State Definition

A

any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part of the body manifested by a set of signs and symptoms

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4
Q

Types of Infectious Diseases and Transmission

A

Bacterial: Cholera
Viral: Chicken Pox
Fungal: Tinea
Parasitic: Malaria

Transmitted via microorganisms

Contagious

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5
Q

Types of Non-infectious Diseases and Transmission

A

Genetic/Hereditary: Downs

Congenital: Fetal alcohol syndrome

Environmental: Lung CA

NOT transmitted via microorganism
NOT contagious

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6
Q

How are pathogens transmitted?

A

air, water, food, bodily fluids(saliva, blood, semen), touching, via another organism (mosquito)

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7
Q

Diagnosis Definition

A

designation to the cause of a health problem

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8
Q

Differential Diagnosis

A

Weighing competing possibilities and selecting the most likely cause of disease

*Assume worst and work from there

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9
Q

Working Diagnosis

A

where you decide which tests you will use to confirm your diagnosis

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10
Q

*Approach: HA

A

Systemic case history:

  • age @ onset
  • presence/absence of aura
  • frequency/intesity/duration
  • # HA/month
  • Time and mode of onset
  • Quality, site and radiation
  • FH of migraines
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11
Q

Types of HA

A

Primary: tension, migraine, cluster

Secondary: cervicogenic (whiplash), medication overdose (rebound), birth control change, sinus, TMJ pain

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12
Q

Red Flag Symptom of HA

A

Worst HA of life- - possible subarachnoid hemorrhage

Fever
Sudden onset
Absence of HA in past
Worsening pattern
Change in mental status, personality, conciousness
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13
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: HA

A

Good ROS

  • head trauma
  • dizziness/vertigo
  • syncope/LOC
  • Earaches/drainage/discharge
  • Vision Status. Eye pain/tearing
  • Toothaches
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14
Q

HA Exam

A
  • BP and Pulse
  • Bruit in neck
  • Look for head trauma/swelling/asymmetry
  • Examine ears(blood,swelling,discharge)
  • Examine nose (swelling of turbinates, bleeding, masses)
  • Tap sinuses (tenderness)
  • Check lymphadenopathy
  • PERRLA (pupils equal, round, reactive to light, accomadation)
  • Good neurological exam
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15
Q

Other HA Sources

A
  • chronic nasal congestion
  • impaired vision/seeing holes (glaucoma)
  • Visual field defects (lesion of optic pathway)
  • Sudden/severe unilateral vision loss (optic neuritis)
  • HA, fatigue, general aches, night sweats >55yo (temporal arteritis, may cause blindness)
  • Intermittent HA w/ high BP
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16
Q

HA Danger Signs

A

Neck stiffness (meningitis)

Papilledema (optic disc swelling d/t increased ICP) (Worry about mass)

Focal neurologic signs suggesting an intracranial mass lesion

17
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: FEVER

A

Infectious disease;

  • influenza
  • HIV
  • UTI
  • Infectious mono
  • Gastroenteritis

Skin Inflammation;
-Boils, abscess

Immunological Disease;
-lupus, sarcoidosis, IBS, Kawasaki Disease

Tissue Destruction:

  • hemolysis
  • surgery
  • nfarction
  • rhabdomyolysis

Blood transfusion rxn
Drug sensitivity

Cancers

  • kidney
  • leukemia
  • lymphomas

Metabolic Disorder;
-Gout, porphyria

Thrombo-embolytic
-PE, DVT

Unknown

18
Q

*Approach: FEVER

A

Good HPI, ROS, and exam

Exam- head to toe look for source

Consider: CBC, BMP(Basic Metabolic Panel), blood cultures, UA

19
Q

Cough Classification

A

duration, character, quality, timing

20
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: COUGH

A

Infections:

  • common cold
  • pneuomonia
  • pertussis
  • TB

Reactive airway disease;

  • Cough variant asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Long term fume inhalation

GERD- unexplained cough

Air pollution;

  • particulate matter
  • tobacco smoke
  • dampness in home
  • irritant gasses

Foreign body- i.e. while eating

ACE inhibitor- used in diabetic, heart disease, and BP pts. Common side effect

Psychogenic:

  • most common in kids
  • emotional probs

Post nasal drip

21
Q

*Approach: COUGH

A

CBC, H. pylori (if h./o gerd), sed rate (inflammation) CXR, Spirometry

Treatment: antibiotics, corticosteroids

22
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: EDEMA

A
  • Palpable swelling
  • Manifestation of heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, medications

Hx very important:

  • coronary disease
  • ETOH abuse
  • HTN
  • Hepatic/Renal Disease
  • Medications (NSAIDS/Corticosteriods)
23
Q

*Approach: EDEMA

A

-Exam:
HEENT (Head, ears, eyes, nose, throat)

Resp.

Cardiovascular

Abdominal

Extremeties

Edema

-CBC, CMP (electrolytes), TSH, EKG, CXR, Duplex US

*Dont miss acute onset unexplained unilateral leg edema»>think DVT
-potential causes
Long drive/flight, tobacco use, birth control, recent surgery

24
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: WEIGHT LOSS

A 
Hyper/hypothyroidism
Dental Problems
Gastrointestinal Disease:
-anorexia
-abd pain
-dysphagia
-dysmotility
-diarrhea
-malabsorption
-chronic inflamm
-obstrucion
Cancer
HIV
Adv. Cardiac, pulm, & renal disease
Drugs:
-OTC/herbal meds
-Prescription drugs
-Substance abuse
       *ETOH, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, tobacco use
25
Q

*Approach: WEIGHT LOSS

A

HPI, PMH, FH. PSH, ROS and Head to toe exam:

  • appearance
  • affect (how they describe pain)
  • skin changes
  • lymphadenopathy
  • cardiopulmonary status
  • hematosplenomegaly
  • abd mass
  • rectal exam w/ + stool hemoccult

CBC, CMP, TSH, Hbg A1C, UA, Stool hemoccult, ESR/CRP, CXR

26
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: VAGUE NEURO SYMPTOMS

A
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • numbness/weakness
  • syncope (LOC,h/o heart disease, diabetes, dehydration, stress)
27
Q

*Approach: VAGUE NEURO SYMPTOMS

A

HPI, PMH, HF, PSH, SOC, ROS, Vitals (ortho BP)

CBC, CMP, TSH, UA, HgbA1C, HCG (pregnancy), CXR, EKG, Pulse Ox

Physical Exam-

  • higher functions (gate, speech, mental status)
  • cranial nerves
  • sensory system
  • motor system
  • reflexes
  • cerebellum
28
Q

3 Main processes of Inflamm

A

arterioles dilate

capillaries become more permeable

neutrophils and Mfs migrate to interstitial fluid

29
Q

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflamm

A 
Pain
 Redness
 Swelling
 Heat
 Immobility
30
Q

*Differential Diagnosis: INFLAMM

A

Infection vs inflammation

Trauma vs overuse

Unilateral:
-long drive, tobacco use, birth
control–think DVT
-Cellulitis

Bilateral:

  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Immune Disorders
31
Q

*Approach: INFLAMM

A

HPI, PMH, FH, PSH, ROS

CBC, SED rate/CRP, CMP, UA, Plain films

Clinical Med (12 decks)

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