Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSPH > Managing Chronic Illness > Flashcards

Managing Chronic Illness Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key types of chronic illnesses? (5)

A 
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
Diabetes
Chronic respiratory disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the shared social and economic determinants for these illnesses? (5)

A 
Poverty
Trade agreements
Agriculture and transportation policies
Capital flows
Activities of multinational companies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the shared key risk factors for these illnesses? (4)

A

Tobacco
Diets high in fat, salt, and sugar
Physical inactivity
Harmful alcohol intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the health effects of these illnesses? (4)

A

Premature deaths and disability
Low productivity
Healthcare costs
Losses in economic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many people have chronic diseases? How many % of GP consultations does this make up, and how many medical emergencies?

A

15 million people
50%
2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the next 10 years, co-morbidity will increase by how much?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define incidence.

A

Number of new cases of the disease. Generally reported as the number of new cases occurring within a period of time (e.g. per month, per year).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define prevalence.

A

A statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population during a period of time or at a particular date.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What % of chronic illness is cardiovascular disease?

A

48%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What % of chronic illness is cancer?

A

21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What % of chronic illness is respiratory?

A

12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most cause of death in the US?

A

Heart disease (then cancer, then medical error)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the risk factors for diabetes? (7)

A

Social class, age, area and ethnicity

Obesity, physical inactivity and high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compared to white people, people of African origin have less…, but more…?

A

CHD

More hypertension, diabetes, strokes and renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compared to white people, South Asians have more…?

A

Hypertension, diabetes, central obesity and CHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Asthma is a common chronic condition.
How many people in the UK are receiving treatment for it?
How much is spent by the NHS a year on it?

A

5.4m people

£1 bn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main cause of physical disability in the UK?

A

Arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many people in the UK have arthritis? (How many of these are <45 years old?)
How many % of 70 year olds?

A 
10 million (1 million)
70%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many % of people in the UK have diabetes? How many of these are diagnosed?

A

6.2% people in UK (3.3 million diagnosed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the major risks associated with diabetes? (4)

A

Biggest cause of kidney failure
Leading cause of blindness in adults of working age
Major cause of amputation
Significantly increases risk of cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How much more are African and Caribbean communities at risk of having a stroke?

A

Twice as likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the single biggest cause of severe disability in the UK and other developed countries?

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many stroke survivors are there in the UK?

A

1.2 million

24
Q

How many people a year have their first stroke (England and Wales)?

A

110,000

25
Q

What are the risk factors for CVD and CKD? (8)

A

Social class, age, area, ethnicity
Obesity, physical inactivity, high BP

These put people at risk of diabetes, which puts them at risk of CVD and CKD

26
Q

How many % of people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime?

A

25%

27
Q

What is the prevalence of depression alone?

What is the prevalence of depression and anxiety?

A
  1. 6%

9. 7%

28
Q

Is depression linked to physical health?

A

Long term physical conditions increase risk of depression

29
Q

What are the leading causes of morbidity (DALYs) in England? (8)

A 
Low back and neck pain
Ischaemic heart disease
CVD
COPD
Lung cancer
Alzheimer’s disease
Sense organ disease
Depressive disorders
30
Q

Who are the major users of healthcare services at all adult ages? How much of healthcare spending does this account for?

A

Adults with multiple chronic conditions

More than two-thirds

31
Q

How do health systems manage chronic disease? (3)

A

Level 1 - Self-care and self-management (70-80% of chronic disease population)
Level 2 - Disease management by MDTs (for high risk patients)
Level 3 - Care management (of high risk complex cases)

32
Q

What are the aims of healthcare for chronic illness? (6)

A
  • Decrease mortality and morbidity through optimum management and prevention of co-morbidities
  • Improve patient function and QOL
  • Patient actively involved in management
  • Doctor-patient partnership and MDT approach
  • Enable people to work/live independently
  • Cost-effectiveness
33
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors (57%) for poor QOL with colorectal cancer? (4)

A 
Social functioning
Beliefs about disease consequences
Ability to maintain normal role
Specific symptoms (fatigue, loss of appetite, dyspnoea, depression)
34
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors (57%) for poor QOL with colorectal cancer? (3)

A

Being female
Multiple co-morbidities
Metastases at diagnosis

35
Q

Colorectal cancer is the __ most common cancer in men and the __ most common cancer in women.

A

3rd

2nd

36
Q

How many colorectal cancer diagnoses are there a year? How many deaths per year?

A

> 40,000

>16,000

37
Q

5 year survival rates for colorectal cancer have increased since 1970s - by how much?

A

Doubled

38
Q

What does diet and exercise help with for colorectal cancer?

A

Fatigue, diarrhoea, nausea & vomiting, loss of appetite, anorexia & cachexia, psychological functioning, general physical functioning

39
Q

What do self-management interventions help with for colorectal cancer?

A

Pain, breathlessness

40
Q

What do nurse-led interventions help with for colorectal cancer?

A

Fatigue, breathlessness, nausea & vomiting, pain, psychological functioning

41
Q

What do behavioural/counselling interventions help with for colorectal cancer?

A

Fatigue, pain, bowel problems, nausea & vomiting, breathlessness and psychological functioning

42
Q

What approach offered most promise for colorectal cancer over the medium to long term?

A

Psychological approaches

43
Q

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health integrates medical and social models - it recognises the significance of environment and focuses on components of health rather than consequences of disease.
What are the three domains that make up the ICF?

A

Body function and structure (impairment)
Activities (limitation)
Participation (restriction)

44
Q

ICD defines the universe of disease, disorders, injuries and other related health conditions.
What are the benefits of ICD? (4)

A

Comprehensive
Hierarchical
Easy storage, retrieval and analysis for evidenced-based decision-making
Sharing and comparing health information between hospitals, regions, settings and countries OR across time

45
Q

Define impairment.

A

A body lacking part or all of a limb, or having a defective limb or other bodily mechanism. An injury, illness, or congenital condition that causes or is likely to cause a loss or difference of physiological or psychological function.

46
Q

Define disability.

A

The many social and other disadvantages imposed by society on people with physical impairments. The loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in society on an equal level with others due to social and environmental barriers.

47
Q

Define illness.

A

A patient’s interpretation of his or her disease, the feelings that accompany it, the life events it turns into.

48
Q

What do chronic illness affect? (3)

A

Practical aspects of everyday living
Planning for the future
Social relationships and family life

49
Q

What is meant by biographical disruption?

A

When people develop a chronic illness e.g. rheumatoid arthritis the map they have of their lives (their biography) is disrupted. This has consequences at the practical and social level. The illness will have significance for a person’s identity.

50
Q

Serious chronic illness may lead to ‘loss of self’ - what does this mean? (4)

A

Restricted lives
Social isolation
Being discredited
Burdening others

51
Q

How do the agendas of doctors and patients differ?

A

Doctor – interested in explaining the aetiology of the disease
Patient – trying to make sense of the disruption caused by the disease

52
Q

What are the management challenges for doctors? (6)

A 
Non-adherence
Lifestyle change
Burden of treatment for patient
Communicating with patients
Co-morbidities
Co-ordination of health care
53
Q

What are the prevention challenges for doctors? (6)

A 
Lifestyle change
Exercise
Diet
Smoking
Communication
Self-management
54
Q

List some policy documents/frameworks.

A

National Framework for NHS Continuing Healthcare and NHS-funded Nursing Care

NHS Outcomes Framework: at-a-glance. List of outcomes and indicators in the NHS Outcomes.

Government policy: long term health conditions.

A mandate from the Government to the NHS Commissioning Board

No decision about me, without me. 2012.

55
Q

What is the cycle of deliberative inquiry?

A

This is a cyclical process focused on producing and utilising insights.

Deliberative issue analysis -> convening -> facilitating deliberative engagement -> reporting -> back to the beginning
Action is in the middle. Reporting and facilitating deliberative engagement-> action, and action goes to deliberative issue analysis.

56
Q

What are obstacles to deliberative engagement? (4)

A

Rely on wishful thinking
Magic bullets
Devil figures/scapegoats
Paradox splitting

HSPH (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions