Knowledge Framework and Translation

Question 1

What is knowledge? How do we know? – Three methods

Answer 1

Describing and classifying (regularities and patterns)
Analysing into elements (production and meaning)
Experimenting (observation and experience)

Question 2

What is the scientific model of knowledge production? What is it also known as?

Answer 2

Ongoing process
Make observations, think of interesting questions, formulate hypotheses, develop predictions, gather data, develop general theories..
POSITIVISM

Question 3

What are the advantages of the scientific model? (5)

Answer 3

• Tightly controlled independent variable allows comparison of effect on dependent variable
• Randomised controlled trial gold standard of medical interventions
• Replicable
• Reliable
• Objective

Question 4

What is the disadvantage of the scientific model?

Answer 4

Does not and cannot accommodate inconsistencies, confounding and outliers

Question 5

What are the three laws of medicine according to Siddhartha Mukherjee?

Answer 5

Law One: A strong intuition is much more powerful than a weak test.
Law Two: “Normals” teach us rules; “outliers” teach us laws.
Law Three: For every perfect medical experiment, there is a perfect human bias.

Question 6

What is constructivism/constructionism? What does this mean? What is it also called?

Answer 6

Capture and understand meaning of a social action for agent performing it = INTERPRETIVISM
Observation and experience depend on perspective of observer
Partial, perspectival and situated knowledges
World is not singular and independent of observer, the world includes social facts

Question 7

What are the advantages of constructivism? (4)

Answer 7

• It applies to the real world
• Takes into account impact of social processes
• Acknowledges prior experience and draws on this as a resource
• Rather than causes and effects, it is concerned with meaning and significance

Question 8

What are the disadvantages of constructivism? (2)

Answer 8

• Sometimes perceived as anything goes (relativistic), disorganised and chaotic
• Not well recognised, understood, used and accepted by traditional positivist science

Question 9

How is constructivism used in teaching/learning?

Answer 9

• Part of collaboration
• An example is metacognition
• Develops best practices
• Allows for different environments
• It is part of interactive/hands-on learning
• Develops variety in teaching strategies
• Leads to web learning

Question 10

What is critical realism?

Answer 10

Real world exists out there independent of our experience
Access to real world complicated by many layers of socially constructed meaning
Focus on necessity and contingency rather than regularity

Question 11

What is a paradigm shift? Give two examples.

Answer 11

Fundamental shift in the way scientists perceive reality
Flat and spherical theories of earth
Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 12

Who argued that natural sciences go through regular periods of ‘paradigm shift’ or ‘scientific revolution’?

Answer 12

Kuhn

Question 13

What are the three outcomes for Tomorrow’s Doctors?

Answer 13

Outcome 1 – Doctor as a scholar and scientist

Outcome 2 – Doctor as a practitioner

Outcome 3 – Doctor as a professional

Question 14

Dynamic model of meeting place between doctor and patient - what makes up the gaze uncertainty triangle?

Answer 14

Authority
Discourses
Identity

Question 15

What makes up the knowledge tree? (3)

Answer 15

Positivism
Critical realist
Interpretivism

Question 16

Define binaries.

Answer 16

Pertaining to two, a pair of terms often stated in opposition to one another in an argument. Usually one part of the pair is more valued than the other.

Question 17

Define dualism.

Answer 17

Any theory which identifies an irreducible (incapable of being simplified further) distinction between two classes of thing.