Management Theory Flashcards
what is the evidence-based management
translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice bringing nationality to the decision making process
what are the four steps involved in evidence-based management
observe and gather facts post a possible solution or explaination based on those facts make a prediction of future events test the prediction under systematic conditions
what are the two overarching perspectives and what viewpoints are they consisted of
historical perspective classical behavioral and quantitative contemporary perspective systems contingency and quality
what are the five practical reasons for studying this chapter
- understanding the present
- guide to action
- source of new ideas
- clues to meaning of your manager’s decision
- clues to meaning of outside events
what is the classical viewpoint and what are they branched of
emphasis on ways to manage work more efficiently
branched of , scientific management and administrative management
what is scientific management
emphasized the scientific study of work meethods to improve the productivity of individual workers
by Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
what are the four principles of scientific management
- Scientifically study each part of the task
- carefully select workers with the right abilities
- Give workers the training and incentives to do the task
- use scientific principles to plan the work methods
what is the administrative management
concerned with managing the total organization
who is Henri Fayol
- French engineer and industrialist
- first to identify the major functions of management
what is bureaucracy theory according to Max Weber
Bureaucracy was a rational, efficient, ideal organization based on the principles of logic
how will we know whether the next ‘fix it all’ book to hit the business bestseller list is simply a recycling of old ideas
you have to studied history
how can management be approached
deliberately, rationally, systematically
what are the ways a good doctor or a good manager works
to act with knowledge while doubting what you know
what are the 3 truths evidence-based management is based on
- Therr are few really new ideas
- True is better than new
- Doing well usually dominates
when was the classical perspective originated
1900s
what is the meaning of soldiering
underachieving
what is the differential rate system
more efficient workers earned higher wages
if principles of scientific management is used correctly it can enhance what
can enhance productivity
what are the five positive bureaucratic features
- A well defined hierarchy of authority
- Formal rules and procedures
- A clear division of labor
- Impersonality
- Careers based on merit
what are the problem of classical viewpoint
- mechanistic
- tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs
why are classical viewpoint important
work activity was amenable to a rational approach
-through the application of scientific methods,time and motion studies, and job specialization it was poss6 to boost productivity
what does behavioral viewpoint emphasised on
emphasize d the importance of understanding human behaviour and of motivating employees toward achivement
how many phases does behavioral VP consist of and what are they
- Early Behaviorism
- The human relations movement
- Behavioral science
who pioneered early behaviourism
Munster erg, Follet & Mayo
what does human relation movement propose
Human relations movement proposed that better human relations could increase worker productivity
by Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self actualization Esteem Social Safety Psychological
why Fayol is important
Fayol was the first to identify the major functions of management -planning organizing , leading and controlling as well as coordinating the first four of which you’ll
what are the most important ideas from Mary Parker follet
- organizations should be operated as communities with managers and subordinates working together in harmony
- conflicts should be resolved by having managers and workers talk over differences and find solutions that would satisfy both parties a process she called integration
- the work process should be under the control of workers with the relevant knowledge rather than of managers who should act as facilitators
what is Hawthorne effect
employees worked harder if they received added attention,thought that managers cared about their welfare and that supervisors paid special attention to them
more jobs satisfaction lead to what
s
according to Alfie Kohn research competition makes people become what
s
what are the theories of Douglas Mcgregor
Theory of X and Y.
Theory X - represents pessimistic, negative view of workers
-workers are irresponsible, resistant to change,lack of ambition, hate work and want to be led
Theory Y - represent an optimistic, positive view of workers
-workers are considered capable of accepting responsibility,self-direction,self control and being creative
Why Theory X/Y is important
-can help managers avoid falling into the trap of self fulfilling prophecy
what s self fulfilling prophecy and the classical example of a self-fulfilling prophecy
the idea that if a manager expects subaordinate to act in a certain way,the worker may,in fact, very well act that way, thereby confirming the manager’s expectations
example: the bank failures during the Great Depression. Even banks on strong financial footing sometimes were driven to insolvency by bank runs
what does behavioral science relies on
scientific research for developing theories about human behaviour that can be used to provide practical tools for manager
what is quantitative management
application to management of quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations
what is management science
focuses using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making
what is operations management
focuses on managing the production and deliveries of organization’s products or services more effectively
what is system viewpoint
regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose Inp
what are the four parts of system
- inputs
- transformational 3. processes
- outputs
- feedback
what are the inputs and example
the people, money, information, equipment and materials required to produce an organisation’s goods or services
eg. for a jewellery designer- design, money, artistic tallent, gold and silver, tools and marketing expertise
what are transformational processes and example
the organization’s capabilities and technology that are applied in converting inputs into outputs.
eg. designer management skill, gold and silver smiting tool expertise, website for marketing
why management science is important
it stresses the use of rational, science based techniques and mathematical models to improve decision making and strategic planning
what does operations management help ensure
ensure that business operations are efficient and effective
what is system
a set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose
what are outputs and example
the products services profits losses employees satisfaction or discontent and etc produced by the organization example gold and silver rings earrings bracelets
what are feedback
information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs which affects the inputs example web customers like african-style designs disliked imitation old English designs
what are the two types of system
close system -little interaction with its environment and open system- continually interacts with its environment
what does contingency viewpoint emphasizes
emphasizes that managers approach should vary according to individual and the environmental situation
most practical because it addresses problems on a case by case basis
what is quality
quality is total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs
what is quality control
the strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of production
what is quality assurance
focuses on the performance of workers urging employees to strive for zero defects
what is total quality management
comprehensive approach-led by top management and supported throughout the organization dedicated to continuous quality improvement training and customer satisfaction
by Deming,juran
what are the four components of total quantity management
- make continuous improvement a priority.
- get every employee involved
- listen to and learn from customer and employees
- use acccurate standards to identify and eliminate problem.
what is learning organization
organization that actively creates a quietest and transfer knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge
how can manager build a learning organization
built a commitment to learning work to generate ideas with impact work to generalize ideas with impact
what is open system
continually interact with its environment
what is closed system
have little to no interaction with environment
what does open system attempts to
a dumpster ensure a continuous learning process in order to correct old mistakes and avoid new ones
why does contingency viewpoint the most practical one
It addresses problems on a case by case basis
what does Deming suggested that managers should stress on
teamwork, try to be helpful rather than simply give orders and make employees feel comfortable about asking questions
what does Joseph m Jordan define quality as
fitness for use
what are the three parts of learning organization
creating and acquiring knowledge
transferring knowledge
modifying behavior
what is virtual organizations
an organization whose members are geographically apart usually working with email collaborative computing and other computer connections
what are the reasons for organization to become a learning organizations
- the rise of virtual organization
- the rise of boundaryless organization
- the imperative for speed and innovation
- the increasing importance of knowledge workers
Early Behaviorism according to Hugo Munsterberg
- Study jobs and determine which people are the best suited to specific jobs
- I dentitfy the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work
- Devise Management strategies to influence employees to follow management’s interests
Early Behaviorism according to Mary Parker Follet
- Organization should be operated as ‘comunities’
- Conflicts should be resolved by having managers and workers talk over differences and find solutions that would satisfy both parties
- The work process should be under control of workers with relevant knowledge
what does human relations movement proposed?
better human relations could increase productivity
