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Horse Production > Management Of Mare > Flashcards

Management Of Mare Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of gestation

A

335-342 days
Not unusual for gestation to be greater than 342 days

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2
Q

When are premature foals typically born

A

300-320 days
Abortion is usually less than 300 days

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3
Q

True or false: mares can lose a pregnancy at any time

A

True

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4
Q

When should you palpate a mare

A

18-20 days after ovulation

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5
Q

When should you do an ultrasound

A

Day 10 the earliest but typically between day 14-16
Allows for early detection of twins
60-70 days is when you can tell fetal sexing

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6
Q

What vaccines do mares need to be up do date on

A

EEE, WEE, WNV which are all from mosquitoes
Tetanus and equine herpes (EHV)
EHV can cause abortions

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7
Q

What should you do around 4 weeks before the due date of a mare

A

Move mare to foaling area which allows for acclimation
Mare will also develop antibodies against harmful organisms
Open vulva and examine daily for changes

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8
Q

What is typically done to a foal if it’s worth a lot of money

A

CPR
Do anything to keep the foal alive

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9
Q

What can happen if you foal more than one mare outside at a time

A

Other mares will try to steal the foal
There is also a higher risk of injury

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10
Q

If a mare foals outside what can happen if a foal is cold and wet

A

They can become hypothermic and will not absorb colostrum as well which provides energy and antibodies to the foal

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11
Q

How big should a foaling stall be and what else should it have

A

Minimum of 12 ft by 12 ft
Quite area but somewhere where there are other horses
Good bedding and rubber mats with water bucket off the floor and removable feed tubs

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12
Q

What is good bedding for foaling

A

Straw

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13
Q

What are signs of impending parturition

A

Large pendulous abdomen
Change in gait and udder enlargement
Waxing up
Loss of appetite and change in personality

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14
Q

What is a concern of a mare dripping milk before she gives birth

A

She could lose colostrum before the foal is born

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15
Q

What are some monitoring devices for pregnant mares and foal

A

Closed circuit television and baby monitors
Foal watch which tests calcium levels in milk
Alarm systems like foalert and equipage
Wireless monitors are gaining in popularity

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16
Q

What is the first stage of parturition

A

Uterine contractions, cervical dilation, water breaks
Usually lasts 30 minutes to 4 hours
Clean udder and wrap tail
Mares can stop this stage if threats are present

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17
Q

What is the second stage of parturition

A

Fetus passes through birth canal
Should be short lived and explosive, around 20-30 min
Once water breaks this stage starts
If greater than 40 min there is good chance foal will be lost

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18
Q

What is the third stage of parturition

A

Expulsion of placenta within 30 min to three hours after foaling

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19
Q

True or false: if the placenta is taking too long to come out, you can pull on it to assist the mare

A

False, never pull the placenta as it can cause medical issues for the mare

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20
Q

How should a foal come out

A

Front legs then head

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21
Q

What is the 1-2-3 rule

A

Foal should be standing in first hour, nursing in second hour, and placenta passed in third hour

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22
Q

True or false: is it better to let birth happen naturally rather than getting involved

A

True, only step in if absolutely necessary

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23
Q

What percentage of dystocia occur in mares

A

Usually in 10 percent due to abnormal foal positions
If mare or foal seem to be having difficulties help at once

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24
Q

At what month is the foal unable to turn around

A

10th

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25
Q

What happens if the placenta detaches before the foal is born

A

The foal loses its oxygen supply and will die

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26
Q

What is another word for placenta

A

Allantochorion

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27
Q

What is the allantoamnion

A

White membrane that comes with the foal

28
Q

What does it mean if the placenta is full of blood

A

The placenta is ahead of the foal which isn’t good
Needs to be punctured

29
Q

What does it mean if a placenta is white

A

Full of amnion fluid

30
Q

If a foal is born with amnion still covering it what needs to be done

A

Remove it because it’s preventing the foal from breathing

31
Q

What is the mare and foal survival rate during a c section

A

Mare is 84 percent and foal is 35 percent

32
Q

If dystocia lasts less than 90 min prior to c section what does this increase

A

Foaling rates and fewer complications

33
Q

What percentage of foalings occur without intervention

A

90 percent

34
Q

What should you do after the foal arrives

A

Check for breathing and wait until it stands and nurses
Dip umbilical cord
Make sure meconium passes from foal and placenta passes from mare

35
Q

When should you disinfect the umbilical cord and with what

A

Nolvasan and wait until foal is standing to dip it

36
Q

How often should a foal be nursing

A

Half a dozen times
If they are rooting there is a good chance something is wrong

37
Q

When should placental matter be passed from a mare

A

3-4 hours after birth

38
Q

What can you do if foal isn’t passing meconium

A

Inject enigma into rectum

39
Q

What should you see in a physical exam of foal and what should you do if values not correct

A

Should see IgG blood conc greater than 800 mg/dc
You would administer plasma if not correct

40
Q

How can you stimulate a foals breathing

A

Hold them by hind legs, tickle their nose with straw, or rub them with hand or towel

41
Q

What is most critical time for mare and foal

A

The first 24 hours which means they need quiet environment where they can be observed frequently

42
Q

What can you do to a mare if you have an orphaned foal

A

Give her domparidome to induce milk production
Can also use oxytocin but doesn’t produce milk
The mare you do this to isn’t pregnant you just want her to produce milk

43
Q

What can you do for orphaned foals

A

Give milk replacer but can be expensive
Give cow or goat milk but goat milk is better because it is more closely related and more palatable
Use a nurse mare but this could make her foal an orphan

44
Q

How many more times is the value of a foal than the stud fee

A

3 times more but this is just a rule of thumb, it changes all the time

45
Q

What is colostrum

A

First milk that provides antibodies to protect newborns while their immune system develops
This provides 50% more energy then regular mare milk

46
Q

How much milk should a mare be producing

A

A liter every hour so 3-4 gallons per day

47
Q

When a mare is nursing how much body weight does she put on

A

15% of her body weight

48
Q

How much should a foal weigh when born and how much weight should be gained each month

A

Foal should be 9-10% of her body weight and double the weight each month with a good appetite

49
Q

What is coprophagy

A

Eating dams feces typically because it contains pheremones that encourage the foal to eat it

50
Q

What is beneficial about coprophagy

A

Helps establish microflora in the gut and is a good source of vitamin B

51
Q

What can be a result of coprophagy

A

Majority of foals will get diarrhea when they eat solid feeds and ingest fecal matter which can be treated using peptobismal or bio sponge

52
Q

When does milk production peak in a horse

A

Day 30

53
Q

What values are typically high at the beginning of milk production

A

Fat and proteins because the colostrum is providing essential antibodies to the foal

54
Q

What is creep feeding

A

Giving foal additional food while still with mare because milk production decreases over time
Feeding foal while excluding mare

55
Q

What happens after 6-8 weeks of having a foal

A

Quality and quantity of mares milk decreases

56
Q

What are benefits of creep feeding

A

Encouragement of optimal growth and reducing weaning time stress
10% increase in daily gains and lost significantly less weight during weaning

57
Q

Why would you want optimal growth rather than maximal growth

A

Maximal growth can cause lameness because they would gain a significant amount of weight to prepare for slaughter but horses are not used for slaughter so you want them in good athletic shape

58
Q

What amount of nutrients should you feed during creep feeding

A

13-16% crude protein, vitamin and mineral fortified grain mix
Feed one pound per month of age

59
Q

When are domestic foals weaned

A

4-6 months
Mares are typically pregnant again at this point
Commercial professionals wean closer to four months because they are eating well and getting handled a lot

60
Q

What are signs that foal is ready to be weaned

A

Gaining weight appropriately
Shiny coat and appetite for feed
Acts independent of dam

61
Q

What is traditional pen weaning

A

Can’t see or here each other
They are separate after one day, out of sight and sound

62
Q

What is removing one mare at a time weaning method

A

Start removing mares one at a time typically starting with oldest or most aggressive mare but leave foals with other dams

63
Q

What is abrupt stall weaning

A

Use stall to leave foal in and take mare out

64
Q

What is gradual stall weaning

A

Mare and foal can still each other but foal cant nurse

65
Q

What is fence line weaning

A

Similar to stall weaning but with a fence
Make sure fence is solid

Horse Production (8 decks)

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