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Horse Production > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is importance to remember about breeding

A

Breeding is a profession and it’s time consuming and expensive
A plan is always needed

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2
Q

What responsibilities need to be kept in mind when breeding

A

Genetics, confirmation, proper care of mare and foal, marketability of foal
Don’t just breed to breed

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3
Q

A mare _____ and a stallion ______

A

Produces, sires

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4
Q

A horse is ____ of a mare and ____ a stallion

A

Out, by

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5
Q

What is topside

A

Slang for sires side of pedigree page

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6
Q

What is bottom side

A

Slang for dams side of pedigree page

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7
Q

Why is it important to assess a mare

A

Make sure she can conceive and hold her pregnancy for duration (11 months) and deliver foal

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8
Q

What might cause early pregnancy loss

A

Reproductive health of mare
Hormonal imbalance
Age of mare
Time between ovulation and fertilization
Twin pregnancy

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9
Q

What happens if horse shows twin pregnancy

A

Pinch one to crush it because most mares won’t carry twins to term

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10
Q

What is a seasonal polyestrous breeder

A

Starts to cycle each spring as daylight lengthens and continues to ovulate every 21-22 days until fall when days get shorter

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11
Q

What is winter anestrus

A

Centers around winter solstice
Reproductive system goes into rest period during winter and early spring

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12
Q

What is the transitional phase

A

Period between anestrus and normal cycling

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13
Q

What is estrous

A

Entire cycle (21-22 days)

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14
Q

What is estrus

A

Follicular phase
Heat stage (3-7 days)
Mares will ovulate 24-48 hours prior to end of estrus

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15
Q

What is diestrus

A

Luteal phase, time between estrus phases
15-19 days

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16
Q

What is anestrus

A

Complete absence of estrus

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17
Q

How are short day breeders difference than long day breeders

A

Short day start in fall or winter (deer)
Long day start in summer (horses)

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18
Q

How can you manipulate a mares cycle

A

Ovulators agents such as hormones, artificial lighting, deep uterine insemination

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19
Q

When are lights most effective for a mare

A

At the end of the day

20
Q

When do you start providing extra lighting and why

A

December 1st so the mare starts to cycle normally by February 15th

21
Q

What should the watts be for the lightbulbs

A

150-200 watts

22
Q

What is regumate and why is it used

A

Synthetic progestogen used to control estrous cycle and predict occurrence of ovulation
Give 10 cc orally as injectable not regularly used
Can help a mate keep pregnancy and can sync mares or be used as a birth control to keep in diestrus

23
Q

Ask Leah

A

Hormonal therapy slide

24
Q

What type of exam should you provide your mate before breeding

A

Gynecological exam which can detect cyclical abnormalities, physical defects, signs of inflammation, or asses a mares ability to conceive

25
Q

What is a maiden mare

A

Entering breeding season for the first time

26
Q

What is a barren mare

A

Didn’t conceive in previous season even though there were multiple attempts or not bred for years

27
Q

What is a foaling mare

A

Foaled during current breeding season and is to be bred again

28
Q

What is an open mare

A

Foaled previously but is not longer pregnant now

29
Q

What is slipped

A

Loss of pregnancy

30
Q

How big should a follicle be to produce estrogen

A

20-25 mm

31
Q

Why is it a good idea to have a gynecological exam on your mare before breeding

A

They can detect cyclical abnormalities, physical defects, signs of inflammation, and assess a mares ability to breed

32
Q

What is a breeding soundness exam

A

Checks valine, vulva, cervix, uterus, and ovaries using palpation or ultrasound
Speculum inserted into vagina for inspection of vagina and cervix

33
Q

What can you find on a uterine culture

A

Presence of bacteria or inflammation

34
Q

When should you culture

A

One month prior to breeding to make sure mare is okay to breed and fix any problems beforehand

35
Q

Who would benefit from uterine biopsies

A

Open mares and mares greater than 15 years

36
Q

How does the grading system work form determining a mares value in breeding

A

1- good, greater than 80% chance of conceiving
2- ok, 50-80% chance
3-questionable, 10-50% chance
4- bad, less than 10% chance

37
Q

What is caslicks procedure

A

Suturing the vulva but leave a small opening at the bottom to let excretions and urine out
Make sure to take sutures out a few weeks before use date

38
Q

What is the percentage of problem breeders

A

2-3% can’t maintain pregnancy or are too high strung

39
Q

What is the percentage in older mares regarding problem breeding

A

20-25% which stems from wear and tear of uterus

40
Q

What is common to see in older or barren mares

A

Long term infection

41
Q

Why do maiden mares produce smaller foals

A

Immature uterus
Not optimal choice to produce a stallion
Don’t breed these mares with expensive stallion

42
Q

Why is there a higher ratio of fillies born to middle aged mares

A

Female equine embryos have better ability to adjust to suboptimal uterine conditions than male embryos
In Middle Aged and maiden mares, the endometrium is less capable of nourishment

43
Q

At what body condition score does infertility start to become an issue

A

Above a 7

44
Q

What is a brood mare

A

Mare in process of having foal

45
Q

What is a breeding roll

A

Restricts how far a stallion can enter a mare
Helps ensure the stallion doesn’t tear the external vaginal wall of the mare as that can cause major issues in the mare

46
Q

At what day does the embryo attach and what should you do before that day

A

Day 16, pregnancy check before that to ensure no problems are present

Horse Production (8 decks)

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