Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is importance to remember about breeding
Breeding is a profession and it’s time consuming and expensive
A plan is always needed
What responsibilities need to be kept in mind when breeding
Genetics, confirmation, proper care of mare and foal, marketability of foal
Don’t just breed to breed
A mare _____ and a stallion ______
Produces, sires
A horse is ____ of a mare and ____ a stallion
Out, by
What is topside
Slang for sires side of pedigree page
What is bottom side
Slang for dams side of pedigree page
Why is it important to assess a mare
Make sure she can conceive and hold her pregnancy for duration (11 months) and deliver foal
What might cause early pregnancy loss
Reproductive health of mare
Hormonal imbalance
Age of mare
Time between ovulation and fertilization
Twin pregnancy
What happens if horse shows twin pregnancy
Pinch one to crush it because most mares won’t carry twins to term
What is a seasonal polyestrous breeder
Starts to cycle each spring as daylight lengthens and continues to ovulate every 21-22 days until fall when days get shorter
What is winter anestrus
Centers around winter solstice
Reproductive system goes into rest period during winter and early spring
What is the transitional phase
Period between anestrus and normal cycling
What is estrous
Entire cycle (21-22 days)
What is estrus
Follicular phase
Heat stage (3-7 days)
Mares will ovulate 24-48 hours prior to end of estrus
What is diestrus
Luteal phase, time between estrus phases
15-19 days
What is anestrus
Complete absence of estrus
How are short day breeders difference than long day breeders
Short day start in fall or winter (deer)
Long day start in summer (horses)
How can you manipulate a mares cycle
Ovulators agents such as hormones, artificial lighting, deep uterine insemination
When are lights most effective for a mare
At the end of the day
When do you start providing extra lighting and why
December 1st so the mare starts to cycle normally by February 15th
What should the watts be for the lightbulbs
150-200 watts
What is regumate and why is it used
Synthetic progestogen used to control estrous cycle and predict occurrence of ovulation
Give 10 cc orally as injectable not regularly used
Can help a mate keep pregnancy and can sync mares or be used as a birth control to keep in diestrus
Ask Leah
Hormonal therapy slide
What type of exam should you provide your mate before breeding
Gynecological exam which can detect cyclical abnormalities, physical defects, signs of inflammation, or asses a mares ability to conceive
What is a maiden mare
Entering breeding season for the first time
What is a barren mare
Didn’t conceive in previous season even though there were multiple attempts or not bred for years
What is a foaling mare
Foaled during current breeding season and is to be bred again
What is an open mare
Foaled previously but is not longer pregnant now
What is slipped
Loss of pregnancy
How big should a follicle be to produce estrogen
20-25 mm
Why is it a good idea to have a gynecological exam on your mare before breeding
They can detect cyclical abnormalities, physical defects, signs of inflammation, and assess a mares ability to breed
What is a breeding soundness exam
Checks valine, vulva, cervix, uterus, and ovaries using palpation or ultrasound
Speculum inserted into vagina for inspection of vagina and cervix
What can you find on a uterine culture
Presence of bacteria or inflammation
When should you culture
One month prior to breeding to make sure mare is okay to breed and fix any problems beforehand
Who would benefit from uterine biopsies
Open mares and mares greater than 15 years
How does the grading system work form determining a mares value in breeding
1- good, greater than 80% chance of conceiving
2- ok, 50-80% chance
3-questionable, 10-50% chance
4- bad, less than 10% chance
What is caslicks procedure
Suturing the vulva but leave a small opening at the bottom to let excretions and urine out
Make sure to take sutures out a few weeks before use date
What is the percentage of problem breeders
2-3% can’t maintain pregnancy or are too high strung
What is the percentage in older mares regarding problem breeding
20-25% which stems from wear and tear of uterus
What is common to see in older or barren mares
Long term infection
Why do maiden mares produce smaller foals
Immature uterus
Not optimal choice to produce a stallion
Don’t breed these mares with expensive stallion
Why is there a higher ratio of fillies born to middle aged mares
Female equine embryos have better ability to adjust to suboptimal uterine conditions than male embryos
In Middle Aged and maiden mares, the endometrium is less capable of nourishment
At what body condition score does infertility start to become an issue
Above a 7
What is a brood mare
Mare in process of having foal
What is a breeding roll
Restricts how far a stallion can enter a mare
Helps ensure the stallion doesn’t tear the external vaginal wall of the mare as that can cause major issues in the mare
At what day does the embryo attach and what should you do before that day
Day 16, pregnancy check before that to ensure no problems are present
