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Onco Board Review 2 > Mammary/Repro > Flashcards

Mammary/Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What immune cells were found to be higher in malignant mammary tumors vs. benign? (Seung Vet Path 2018)

A

CD204+ macrophages

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2
Q

What is the risk of mammary gland tumors in dogs spayed before their first heat?

A

0.5%

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3
Q

List 4 risk factors for canine mammary tumor development.

A
  1. age
  2. hormonal exposure
  3. breed
  4. body weight/obesity during puberty
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4
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were found to be associated with an increased risk for mammary tumors in which breed?

A

English springer spaniels

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5
Q

T/F: Hormone receptor expression is directly correlated to tumor grade.

A

False, inversely correlated.

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6
Q

What % of intact females have more than one mammary tumor at diagnosis?

A

70%

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7
Q

Describe the staging scheme for mammary tumors.

A 
Stage I: T1 <3cm
Stage 2: T2 3-5cm
Stage 3: T3 >5cm
Stage 4: N1
Stage 5: M1
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8
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex mammary carcinoma?

A 
simple = one cell type
complex = luminal + myoepithelial
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9
Q

What 3 parameters are used to grade canine and feline mammary tumors?

A

tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses

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10
Q

What is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the canine mammary gland?

A

OSA

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11
Q

What % of dogs undergoing lumpectomy for a malignant mammry tumor develop another tumor?

A

70%

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12
Q

What is the major side effect of tamoxifen in dogs?

A

proestrogenic signs

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13
Q

What is the treatment of choice for inflammatory mammary carcinoma?

A

NSAIDs - prolongs survival

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14
Q

What is the % risk for developing mammary tumors in a cat spayed before 6 months of age?

A

<6 mo = 96% reduction
6-12 mo = 86% reduction
12-24 mo = 11% reduction

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15
Q

What % of cats have more than one mammary tumor at diagnosis?

A

60%

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16
Q

Describe the staging scheme for feline mammary tumors.

A

Stage 1: <2cm T1
Stage 2: 2-3cm T2
Stage 3: >3cm T3 OR N1
Stage 4: M1

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17
Q

Name 2 independent prognostic factors for feline mammary tumors.

A

Tumor size, node status

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18
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with mammary tumors < 3 cm that are treated with adequate surgery?

A

> 3 yrs

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19
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with mammary tumors > 3cm that are treated with adequate surgery?

A

6 mo

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20
Q

What is the reported RR for feline mammary carcinomas treated with DOX and Cytoxan?

A

40-50%

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21
Q

For dogs, there is no risk reduction if spayed after ___ heat cycle.

A

2nd

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22
Q

T/F: pseudopregnancy, pregnancy, and parity reduce the risk of mammary cancer in dogs.

A

False

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23
Q

Does ALP have prognostic significance in canine mammary carcinoma?

A

No

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24
Q

Is there a difference between simple vs. chain mastectomy in dogs with naive mammary tumors?

A

No

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25
Q

Is surgery recommended for inflammatory mammary carcinoma? Why/why not?

A

Often not - diffuse microscopic cutaneous disease, high metastatic rate, local tissue coagulopathy

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26
Q

Does 5-FU + Cytoxan provide survival benefit over surgery alone?

A

Yes, evaluated in prospective trial. (Withrow)

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27
Q

What is the role for desmopressin in managing canine mammary carcinoma?

A

prospective study - improved survival for dogs with grade 2-3 mammary carcinoma
improved hemostasis with surgery (prevent cancer cells from gaining access to blood vessels)
- there’s also a study to suggest in vitro antiproliferative activity (with oxytocin)

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28
Q

What is the increased risk for developing mammary carcinoma in an intact cat?

A

7x increased risk

29
Q

How does progesterone influence mammary carcinoma?

A

acts on mammary gland to increase production of GH –> GH directly stimulates mammary tissues and increases IGF-1 –> IGF-1 is a proliferative and survival factor for breast epithelial cells

30
Q

What % of feline mammary tumors are malignant?

A

85-95%

31
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with mammary carcinoma and LN metastasis?

A

All died within 9 months of diagnosis

32
Q

What is the prognosis for feline mammary carcinoma based on tumor size?

A

<2 cm - MST > 3 yrs
2-3 cm - MST 2 yrs
> 3 cm - MST 6 months

33
Q

What is the surgery recommendation for a cat with a single mammary tumor?

A

unilateral chain mastectomy

34
Q

What was the MST for unilateral chain mastectomy alone vs. sx + DOX? What was % local recurrence or metastasis: (McNeill JVIM 2009)

A

Sx alone: 1.2 yrs
Sx + DOX: 5.5 yrs
50% local recurrence or metastasis

35
Q

Why shouldn’t you use blue dyes to LN map in cats?

A

Can cause Heinz body anemia and methemoglobinemia

36
Q

Which canine testicular tumors are KIT positive?

A

Leydig cell tumors and seminomas

37
Q

What is the metastatic rate for canine testicular tumors?

A

<15%

38
Q

What % of dogs with a testicular tumor have bilateral tumors?

A

50% (but only 12% are clinically detectable in contralateral testicle)

39
Q

What is HGPIN?

A

high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (believed to be a precursor to human prostate carcinoma)

40
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor in a dog?

A

epithelial tumor (malignant more common than benign)

41
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor in a cat?

A

Sex cord stromal tumor

granulosa-theca most common

42
Q

What % of canine ovarian ACA metastasize?

A

48%

43
Q

What is a sensitive and specific marker for granulose-theca cell tumors?

A

Inhibin-alpha

44
Q

T/F: Granulosa-theca cell tumors are generally functional.

A

True

45
Q

What is the most common uterine tumor in a dog?

A

Leiomyoma

46
Q

What hereditary syndrome involves the development of uterine leiomyomas?

A

Renal cyst adenoma and nodular dermatofibrosis

  • Lium 1985 Vet Path. Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German shepherd dog
  • GSD (multiple uterine leiomyomas, bilateral renal cystadenomas, nodular dermatofibrosis)
  • Mutation in Birt-Hogg-Dube (BDH) gene
47
Q

What is the most common feline uterine tumor?

A

adenocarcinoma

48
Q

T/F: Leiomyoma is the most common vaginal tumor in both dogs and cats.

A

True

49
Q

What is the local recurrence rate for dogs with vaginal leiomyomas treated with OHE?

A

0%

15% recurrence without OHE

50
Q

What is the risk of mammary gland tumors in dogs spayed before their first heat?

A

0.5%

51
Q

Which is not a risk factor for canine mammary tumor development?

  1. diet high in red meat
  2. exposure to progestins
  3. exposure to estrogens
  4. body weight at puberty
  5. parity
A

Parity

52
Q

T/F: COX-2 expression has been found to be higher in feline endometrial adenocarcinoma compared to healthy endometrial tissue.

A

False

COX-2 was lower

53
Q

T/F: Hormone receptor expression is inversely correlated to tumor grade for mammary tumors.

A

True.

54
Q

What is the % risk reduction for developing mammary tumors in a cat spayed before 6 months of age?

A

91%

no risk reduction after 24 months

55
Q

Which testicular tumor are more common in cryptorchid dogs?

A

Seminoma and Sertoli cell

56
Q

T/F: It has been suggested that c/s of feminization due to SCT are best correlated to testosterone:estradiol ratio rather than absolute increases in estradiol.

A

True

57
Q

What test had a sensitivity/specificity of 80%/98% to diagnose estrogen producing testicular tumors in dogs? (Dreamanis 2012)

A

Preputial cytology

58
Q

During what time frame does spontaneous regression of TVT typically occur?

A
  • usually within 3 months of implantation (can occur 3-6 months)
  • rarely occurs after 9 months
59
Q

What is the reported incubation period for TVT?

A

usually 2-6 months from mating

60
Q

What is the metastatic rate for TVT?

A

5-17%

61
Q

What gene sequence is has been used with PCR as a diagnostic marker of TVT?

A

Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1) upstream of c-myc oncogene
(not found in normal dog genomes)

62
Q

What major cytokine is produced during the progressive phase of TVT?

A

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1)

63
Q

What major cytokine is produced during the regression phase of TVT?

A

IL-6

produced by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes - a certain threshold of IL-6 has to be reached to trigger TVT into R phase

64
Q

What is the RR of TVT to vincristine?

A

90-95%

single agent vinc once weekly for 3-6 treatments results in remission

65
Q

What is the RR of TVT to RT?

A

100%

66
Q

What is the recurrence rate for TVT treated with surgery alone?

A

30-75%

67
Q

What is unique about feline mammary carcinoma compared to humans? (Cannon 2015)

A

triple negative phenotype more common - good research model

FOSCC also good model for human cancer, and FISS might be a good model for inflammation driven cancer

68
Q

What path features are prognostic factors for feline mammary carcinoma? (McNeill 2009)

A
  • loss of estrogen receptor status

- increased expression of HER2/neu, AgNOR, PCNA, COX-2, and Ki67

Onco Board Review 2 (20 decks)

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