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MED 206- ANATOMY II > MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I > Flashcards

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which anatomical structures make up the male external genitalia?
A
  • Penis
  • Testes
  • Scrotum
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2
Q
  1. The Scrotum contains involuntary muscles, what do they do?
A
  • Cremaster Muscle is responsible for
    the Cremasteric reflex
  • pulls the testes towards the
    Superficial Inguinal Ring
  • brings the testes closer to a warmer
    environment when exposed to low
    temperatures
  • receives Sympathetic innervation
    from the Genitofemoral nerve
  • The Dartos Muscle (Tunica Dartos)
  • regulates testicular temperature
    (promotes Spermatogenesis)
  • contracts the surface area of the
    Scrotum (prevents heat loss)
  • expands the surface area of the
    Scrotum (prevents overhearting)
  • receives Sympathetic innervation
    from the Genitofemoral nerve
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3
Q
  1. What is the female equivalent of the Scrotum?

What does it contain?

A
  • Labia Minora
  • contains Fat Pads
  • these can be used for skin grafts
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4
Q
  1. Where do the lymphatics of the Scrotum drain to?
A
  • Superficial Inguinal nodes
  • these then drain to the deep
    inguinal nodes
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5
Q
  1. What is the blood supply for the Testes?
A
  • Testicular Artery (L2)
  • branches directly off of the
    Abdominal Aorta
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6
Q
  1. Where are the testes found during foetal development?
A
  • they are found in the posterior
    abdominal wall
  • they are retro-peritoneal
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7
Q
  1. What is the venous drainage of the Testes?
A
  • Testicular Vein
  • the Right Testicular Vein drains into
    the Inferior Vena Cava
  • the Left Testicular Vein drains into
    the Renal Vein
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8
Q
  1. What is the clinical significance of the Testicular vein drainage on the left side?
A
  • the left side is most likely to develop
    Varicoceles
  • due to the Renal Vein being
    compressed by the Superior
    Mesenteric Artery
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9
Q
  1. What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?
A
  • Para-aortic lymph nodes
  • if there is a malignancy in the
    Testes, para-aortic lymph nodes can
    be checked for invasion and
    metastasis
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10
Q
  1. What is the difference between a Varicocele and a Hydrocele?
A
  • Varicoceles are enlarged veins in the
    testes
  • similar to Varicose Veins
  • Hydrocele is a fluid build up around
    the testicle (in the scrotum)
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11
Q
  1. How do the testes reach the Scrotum?
A
  • through the Gubernaculum
  • the Gubernaculum develops as a
    thick cord
  • it pulls the Testes through the
    inguinal canal as it grows
  • the testes exit through the External
    Inguinal ring and descend into the
    Testes
  • this happens during week 33 of
    gestation
  • the Gubernaculum develops into
    the Scrotum
  • the upper part degenerates
  • the lower part remains as a Scrotal
    ligament
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12
Q
  1. The testes are covered by all but one component of the Abdominal wall. What are these coverings?
A
  • Transverse Abdominis
  • Internal Oblique
  • External Oblique
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13
Q
  1. What is Cryptorchidism?
A
  • the absence of one or more testes
    from the Scrotum
  • these testes did not descend into
    the Scrotum
  • the descent of the testes was
    arrested at a specific stage
  • increases the risk of germ cell
    tumours
  • reduces fertility due to the warm
    temperature of the body hindering
    spermatogenesis
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14
Q
  1. What is the Tunica Albuginea?
A
  • tough, fibrous covering of
    the testes
  • surrounds the Corpora
    Cavernosa of the Penis
  • protrudes into the posterior border
    of the testis
  • forming a longitudional ridge
    (Mediastinum Testis)
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15
Q
  1. What forms the 200-300 lobules in the Testis?
A
  • fibrous strands radiating from the
    Mediastinum Testis into the Tunica
    Albuginea
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16
Q
  1. What do the Lobules contain?
A
  • they each contain 1-3 Seminiferous
    Tubules
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17
Q
  1. Where are the Spermatozoa produced?
A
  • they are produced in the
    Seminiferous Tubules
  • 200-300 million spermatozoa are
    produced per day
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18
Q
  1. What is the Rete Testis?
A
  • anastomoses of tubules in the hilum
    of the Testicle
  • carries sperm from the
    Seminiferous Tubules to the
    Efferent Ductules

-15-20 efferent ductules pass to the
Epididymis
- the Epididymis is a highly coiled
tube

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19
Q
  1. What is the position of the
    Epididymis with respect to the Testis?
A
  • Posterolateral
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20
Q
  1. What are the three divisions of the Epidiymis?
A
  • Head (Caput)
  • Body (Corpus)
  • Tail (Cauda)
21
Q
  1. Which part of the Epididymis receives the Ductules?
A
  • Head (Caput)
22
Q
  1. From which part of the Epididymis does the Ductus (Vas) Deferens arise?
A
  • Tail (Cauda)
23
Q
  1. What is the relationship of the Ductus Deferens to the Epididymis?
A
  • the Ductus Dferens transports
    sperm from the Epididymis to the
    Ejaculatory Ducts
24
Q
  1. What is testicular torsion?
A
  • this is a medical emergency
  • the Spermatic Cord twists and cuts
    off blood supply to the Testes
  • results in Necrosis (tissue death)
25
Q
  1. What is Epididymo-Orchitis?
A
  • inflammation of the Epididymis and
    the Testes
  • due to a bacterial Urine infection or
    sexually transmitted disease
  • can lead to reduced fertility and
    gangrene
26
Q
  1. Describe the course of the Ductus Deferens?
A
  • stems from the Spermatic Cord
  • travels to the Inguinal canal
  • exits at the deep inguinal ring
  • crosses external iliac vessels
  • loops over the pelvic bone
  • crosses the ureter
  • travels along the top of the bladder
  • joins the Seminal Vesicle
    (forming the ejaculatory duct)
  • entering into the Urethra
27
Q
  1. What happens to the Ductus Deferens in the Deep Inguinal Ring?
A
  • the Ductus Deferens crosses the
    Inguinal Canal before it emerges
    from the Spermatic Cord (at the
    deep inguinal ring)
  • it curves around the Inferior
    Epigastric Artery
  • it ascends anterior to the External
    Iliac Artery
  • it passes the testicular vessels
    medially to reach the Prostate
    (posteriorly)
28
Q
  1. How is the Ductus Deferens related to the Iliac Vessels and the Urethra?
A
  • the Ductus Deferens crosses over
    them
29
Q
  1. What is the relation of the Ductus Deferens to the Seminal Vesicles and the Prostate Gland?
A
  • the terminal part of the Ductus
    Deferens dilates to form the
    Ampulla
  • the Ampulla joins with the Seminal
    Vesicle ducts to form the Ejaculatory
    Duct
  • the Ductus Deferens terminates
    when the Ejaculator ducts open into
    the Prostatic Urethra
30
Q
  1. Which artery supplies the Ductus Deferens?
A
  • a branch of the Superior Vesicle
    Artery
  • arises from the Internal iliac Artery
31
Q
  1. The Spermatic Cord contains a bundle of structures.
    Where does it begin and end?
A
  • begins at the Deep Inguinal Ring
  • passes through the Superficial
    Inguinal Ring
  • descends into the Scrotum
  • ends at the posterior margin of the
    Testes
32
Q
  1. What are the 3 coverings of the Spermatic Cord?
A
  1. Internal Spermatic Fascia
  2. External Spermatic Fascia
  3. Cremasteric Fascia
33
Q
  1. What are the 3 arteries of the Spermatic Cord?
A
  1. Deferential Artery
  2. Testicular Artery
  3. Cremasteric Artery
34
Q
  1. What are the 3 veins of the Spermatic Cord?
A
  1. Deferential Vein
  2. Pampiniform plexus
    (testicular veins and tributaries)
  3. Cremasteric Vein
35
Q
  1. What are the 3 nerves of the Spermatic Cord?
A
  1. Genital branch of the
    Genitofemoral Nerve
  2. Sympathetic Nerve fibres
  3. Cremasteric Nerve
36
Q
  1. What are the 3 other structures (tubes) of the Spermatic Cord?
A
  1. Ductus Deferens
  2. Lymphatics
  3. Tunica Vaginalis
37
Q
  1. What are the 3 parallel, cylindrical bodies that constitute to the Penis?

Where do they arise from?
How are they positioned?
What are they covered by?

A
  • 2 x Corpus Cavernosa
  • 1 x Corpus Spongiosum
  • they arise from the Pubic Bones
  • the Corpus Spongiosum lies inferior
    to the two Corpus Cavernosa
  • they are covered by the Tunica
    Albuginea
38
Q
  1. What is the Bulb of the Penis?
A
  • the proximal part of the Corpus
    Spongiosum
  • it contracts tohelp empty out the
    Urethra from any semen and urine
39
Q
  1. What structure does the Glans penis form from?
A
  • Corpus Spongiosum
40
Q
  1. What structure does the Penile Urethra (Spongy) travel through?
A
  • Corpus Spongiosum
41
Q
  1. What structure contains the Erectile tissue?
A
  • Corpus Cavernosum
42
Q
  1. What is the Prepuce?
A
  • the Prepuce is the foreskin
43
Q
  1. What is the Frenulum?
A
  • the Frenulum is the connecting
    membrane of the foreskin to the
    Penis
44
Q
  1. What three structures does the female clitoris have?
A
  • Prepuce
  • surrounds and protects tip of
    Clitoris
  • Frenulum
  • stabilises the Clitoris
  • Glans
  • area most responsive to sexual
    stimulation
45
Q
  1. What are the three pairs of arteries that supply the Penis?
A
  1. Dorsal Arteries
  2. Cavernous Arteries
  3. Bulbourethral Arteries
46
Q
  1. What is the lymphatic drainage of the Penis?
A
  • Inguinal Lymph Nodes
47
Q
  1. What is the neurological basis of erection and ejaculation?
A
  1. Stimulus
    - can be Psychogenic or Reflexogenic
  • Psychogenic:
  • response to sensory stimuli
  • Brain sends a response through
    peripheral pathways in the Sacral
    Parasympathetic Nuclei of the Spinal
    Cord
  • or through the Thoracolumbar
    Sympathetic Nuclei of the Spinal
    Cord
  • Reflexogenic:
  • genitals are stimulated
  • Sacral Spinal reflex takes place using
    Parasympathetic pathways
48
Q
  1. How does an erection happen?
A
  • Smooth muscles in the penile
    arteries relax
    (in response to stimulus)
  • the arteries dilate in response to
    parasympathetic impulses and local
    hormones
  • large amounts of blood enter the
    blood sinuses of the Corpus
    Cavernosum
  • the veins become constricted from
    the pressure of blood entering the
    penis
    (ensuring blood does not leave the
    penis as easily)
49
Q
  1. How does ejaculation happen?
A
  1. Emission
    - caused by visual or physical stimulus
    - controlled mainly by Sympathetic Nervous System
    - minor input from Parasympathetic Nervous System
    - internal Bladder sphincter closes
    - Ductus Deferense, Seminal Vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and prostatic urethra experience peristaltic contractions
    - propels semen through Urethra
  2. Expulsion
    - follows mission
    - internal bladder sphincter remains
    closed
    - external urethral sphincter opens
    - semen is propelled through the
    penile portion of the Urethra
    - semen is ejected from the urethral
    meatus

MED 206- ANATOMY II (5 decks)

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