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MED 206- ANATOMY II > MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I > Flashcards

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which anatomical structures make up the male external genitalia?
A
  • Penis
  • Testes
  • Scrotum
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2
Q
  1. The Scrotum contains involuntary muscles, what do they do?
A
  • Cremaster Muscle is responsible for
    the Cremasteric reflex
  • pulls the testes towards the
    Superficial Inguinal Ring
  • brings the testes closer to a warmer
    environment when exposed to low
    temperatures
  • receives Sympathetic innervation
    from the Genitofemoral nerve
  • The Dartos Muscle (Tunica Dartos)
  • regulates testicular temperature
    (promotes Spermatogenesis)
  • contracts the surface area of the
    Scrotum (prevents heat loss)
  • expands the surface area of the
    Scrotum (prevents overhearting)
  • receives Sympathetic innervation
    from the Genitofemoral nerve
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3
Q
  1. What is the female equivalent of the Scrotum?

What does it contain?

A
  • Labia Minora
  • contains Fat Pads
  • these can be used for skin grafts
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4
Q
  1. Where do the lymphatics of the Scrotum drain to?
A
  • Superficial Inguinal nodes
  • these then drain to the deep
    inguinal nodes
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5
Q
  1. What is the blood supply for the Testes?
A
  • Testicular Artery (L2)
  • branches directly off of the
    Abdominal Aorta
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6
Q
  1. Where are the testes found during foetal development?
A
  • they are found in the posterior
    abdominal wall
  • they are retro-peritoneal
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7
Q
  1. What is the venous drainage of the Testes?
A
  • Testicular Vein
  • the Right Testicular Vein drains into
    the Inferior Vena Cava
  • the Left Testicular Vein drains into
    the Renal Vein
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8
Q
  1. What is the clinical significance of the Testicular vein drainage on the left side?
A
  • the left side is most likely to develop
    Varicoceles
  • due to the Renal Vein being
    compressed by the Superior
    Mesenteric Artery
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9
Q
  1. What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?
A
  • Para-aortic lymph nodes
  • if there is a malignancy in the
    Testes, para-aortic lymph nodes can
    be checked for invasion and
    metastasis
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10
Q
  1. What is the difference between a Varicocele and a Hydrocele?
A
  • Varicoceles are enlarged veins in the
    testes
  • similar to Varicose Veins
  • Hydrocele is a fluid build up around
    the testicle (in the scrotum)
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11
Q
  1. How do the testes reach the Scrotum?
A
  • through the Gubernaculum
  • the Gubernaculum develops as a
    thick cord
  • it pulls the Testes through the
    inguinal canal as it grows
  • the testes exit through the External
    Inguinal ring and descend into the
    Testes
  • this happens during week 33 of
    gestation
  • the Gubernaculum develops into
    the Scrotum
  • the upper part degenerates
  • the lower part remains as a Scrotal
    ligament
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12
Q
  1. The testes are covered by all but one component of the Abdominal wall. What are these coverings?
A
  • Transverse Abdominis
  • Internal Oblique
  • External Oblique
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13
Q
  1. What is Cryptorchidism?
A
  • the absence of one or more testes
    from the Scrotum
  • these testes did not descend into
    the Scrotum
  • the descent of the testes was
    arrested at a specific stage
  • increases the risk of germ cell
    tumours
  • reduces fertility due to the warm
    temperature of the body hindering
    spermatogenesis
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14
Q
  1. What is the Tunica Albuginea?
A
  • tough, fibrous covering of
    the testes
  • surrounds the Corpora
    Cavernosa of the Penis
  • protrudes into the posterior border
    of the testis
  • forming a longitudional ridge
    (Mediastinum Testis)
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15
Q
  1. What forms the 200-300 lobules in the Testis?
A
  • fibrous strands radiating from the
    Mediastinum Testis into the Tunica
    Albuginea
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16
Q
  1. What do the Lobules contain?
A
  • they each contain 1-3 Seminiferous
    Tubules
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17
Q
  1. Where are the Spermatozoa produced?
A
  • they are produced in the
    Seminiferous Tubules
  • 200-300 million spermatozoa are
    produced per day
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18
Q
  1. What is the Rete Testis?
A
  • anastomoses of tubules in the hilum
    of the Testicle
  • carries sperm from the
    Seminiferous Tubules to the
    Efferent Ductules

-15-20 efferent ductules pass to the
Epididymis
- the Epididymis is a highly coiled
tube

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19
Q
  1. What is the position of the
    Epididymis with respect to the Testis?
A
  • Posterolateral
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20
Q
  1. What are the three divisions of the Epidiymis?
A
  • Head (Caput)
  • Body (Corpus)
  • Tail (Cauda)
21
Q
  1. Which part of the Epididymis receives the Ductules?
A
  • Head (Caput)
22
Q
  1. From which part of the Epididymis does the Ductus (Vas) Deferens arise?
A
  • Tail (Cauda)
23
Q
  1. What is the relationship of the Ductus Deferens to the Epididymis?
A
  • the Ductus Dferens transports
    sperm from the Epididymis to the
    Ejaculatory Ducts
24
Q
  1. What is testicular torsion?
A
  • this is a medical emergency
  • the Spermatic Cord twists and cuts
    off blood supply to the Testes
  • results in Necrosis (tissue death)
25
25. What is Epididymo-Orchitis?
- inflammation of the Epididymis and the Testes - due to a bacterial Urine infection or sexually transmitted disease - can lead to reduced fertility and gangrene
26
26. Describe the course of the Ductus Deferens?
- stems from the Spermatic Cord - travels to the Inguinal canal - exits at the deep inguinal ring - crosses external iliac vessels - loops over the pelvic bone - crosses the ureter - travels along the top of the bladder - joins the Seminal Vesicle (forming the ejaculatory duct) - entering into the Urethra
27
27. What happens to the Ductus Deferens in the Deep Inguinal Ring?
- the Ductus Deferens crosses the Inguinal Canal before it emerges from the Spermatic Cord (at the deep inguinal ring) - it curves around the Inferior Epigastric Artery - it ascends anterior to the External Iliac Artery - it passes the testicular vessels medially to reach the Prostate (posteriorly)
28
28. How is the Ductus Deferens related to the Iliac Vessels and the Urethra?
- the Ductus Deferens crosses over them
29
29. What is the relation of the Ductus Deferens to the Seminal Vesicles and the Prostate Gland?
- the terminal part of the Ductus Deferens dilates to form the Ampulla - the Ampulla joins with the Seminal Vesicle ducts to form the Ejaculatory Duct - the Ductus Deferens terminates when the Ejaculator ducts open into the Prostatic Urethra
30
30. Which artery supplies the Ductus Deferens?
- a branch of the Superior Vesicle Artery - arises from the Internal iliac Artery
31
31. The Spermatic Cord contains a bundle of structures. Where does it begin and end?
- begins at the Deep Inguinal Ring - passes through the Superficial Inguinal Ring - descends into the Scrotum - ends at the posterior margin of the Testes
32
32. What are the 3 coverings of the Spermatic Cord?
1. Internal Spermatic Fascia 2. External Spermatic Fascia 3. Cremasteric Fascia
33
33. What are the 3 arteries of the Spermatic Cord?
1. Deferential Artery 2. Testicular Artery 3. Cremasteric Artery
34
34. What are the 3 veins of the Spermatic Cord?
1. Deferential Vein 2. Pampiniform plexus (testicular veins and tributaries) 3. Cremasteric Vein
35
35. What are the 3 nerves of the Spermatic Cord?
1. Genital branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve 2. Sympathetic Nerve fibres 3. Cremasteric Nerve
36
36. What are the 3 other structures (tubes) of the Spermatic Cord?
1. Ductus Deferens 2. Lymphatics 3. Tunica Vaginalis
37
37. What are the 3 parallel, cylindrical bodies that constitute to the Penis? Where do they arise from? How are they positioned? What are they covered by?
- 2 x Corpus Cavernosa - 1 x Corpus Spongiosum - they arise from the Pubic Bones - the Corpus Spongiosum lies inferior to the two Corpus Cavernosa - they are covered by the Tunica Albuginea
38
38. What is the Bulb of the Penis?
- the proximal part of the Corpus Spongiosum - it contracts tohelp empty out the Urethra from any semen and urine
39
39. What structure does the Glans penis form from?
- Corpus Spongiosum
40
40. What structure does the Penile Urethra (Spongy) travel through?
- Corpus Spongiosum
41
41. What structure contains the Erectile tissue?
- Corpus Cavernosum
42
42. What is the Prepuce?
- the Prepuce is the foreskin
43
43. What is the Frenulum?
- the Frenulum is the connecting membrane of the foreskin to the Penis
44
44. What three structures does the female clitoris have?
- Prepuce - surrounds and protects tip of Clitoris - Frenulum - stabilises the Clitoris - Glans - area most responsive to sexual stimulation
45
45. What are the three pairs of arteries that supply the Penis?
1. Dorsal Arteries 2. Cavernous Arteries 3. Bulbourethral Arteries
46
46. What is the lymphatic drainage of the Penis?
- Inguinal Lymph Nodes
47
47. What is the neurological basis of erection and ejaculation?
1. Stimulus - can be Psychogenic or Reflexogenic - Psychogenic: - response to sensory stimuli - Brain sends a response through peripheral pathways in the Sacral Parasympathetic Nuclei of the Spinal Cord - or through the Thoracolumbar Sympathetic Nuclei of the Spinal Cord - Reflexogenic: - genitals are stimulated - Sacral Spinal reflex takes place using Parasympathetic pathways
48
48. How does an erection happen?
- Smooth muscles in the penile arteries relax (in response to stimulus) - the arteries dilate in response to parasympathetic impulses and local hormones - large amounts of blood enter the blood sinuses of the Corpus Cavernosum - the veins become constricted from the pressure of blood entering the penis (ensuring blood does not leave the penis as easily)
49
49. How does ejaculation happen?
1. Emission - caused by visual or physical stimulus - controlled mainly by Sympathetic Nervous System - minor input from Parasympathetic Nervous System - internal Bladder sphincter closes - Ductus Deferense, Seminal Vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and prostatic urethra experience peristaltic contractions - propels semen through Urethra 2. Expulsion - follows mission - internal bladder sphincter remains closed - external urethral sphincter opens - semen is propelled through the penile portion of the Urethra - semen is ejected from the urethral meatus

MED 206- ANATOMY II (5 decks)

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