FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I Flashcards
1
Q
- What does the upper Genital Tract arise from?
A
- Paramesonephric ducts
- Mullerian Ducts
- form the Fallopian Tubes, Uterus,
Vagina, Vulva, Clitoris, Labia and
Vestibule
2
Q
- What are compartments of the Upper Genital Compartment?
A
- Fallopian Tubes
- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Upper third of Vagina
- all found in the Pelvis
3
Q
- What remnants of the Mesonephric duct might persist?
A
- Epoophoron
- Skene’s Glands
- Gartners Duct
- found between the ovary and the
fallopian tube - Paroophoron
- tubules in the broad ligament
between the Epoophoron and the
Uterus
4
Q
- Which germ layer gives rise to the genital tract?
A
- Mesoderm
5
Q
- Which other tract is the development of the Genital tract closely associated with?
A
- the Urinary tract
- anomalies in one tract can be
related to anomalies in another
6
Q
- Why are normal sized pelvic organs not palpable via the abdomen?
A
- the Pelvic bones surround these
organs - the bladder is more anterior than
these reproductive organs - these structures need to be
examined by the Vaginal or Rectal
route
7
Q
- Which 3 tracts pass through the female pelvis?
A
- Urinary
- Gastrointestinal
- Genital
- these 3 tracts are closely related
and can cause potential problems
during pelvic surgery - the Genital tract forms a genital
septum between the GI and GU tract
8
Q
- What is the pouch anterior to the Genital Septum called?
A
- Vesico-uterine Pouch
- found on either side of the Uterus
9
Q
- What is the pouch posterior to the Genital Septum called?
A
- Rectouterine pouch
- pouch of Douglas
10
Q
- Which conditions cause adhesions within the Pelvis?
A
- Endometriosis
- Pelvic inflammatory Disease
- Appendicectomy
- Pelvic surgery
- Inflammation
11
Q
- What is the Morula stage?
A
- the stage at which the Uterus allows
for the implantation of the
blastocyst - provides the environment for the
development of the foetus
(before the foetus is expelled)
(through the lower genital tract)
12
Q
- The Uterus is the size and shape of a pear.
What is version of the Uterus?
A
- angle between the longitudional
axis of the Cervix and the Vagina
13
Q
- What is meant by flexion of the Uterus?
A
- angle between longitudional axis of
the Cervix and the Uterus
14
Q
- When is it clinically important to establish the version and flexion of the Uterus?
A
- during IUD insertion
- during surgical uterine interventions
- to know where to place the
Tenaculum forceps to pull the
uterus into position
15
Q
- What are the two subdivisions of the Uterus?
A
- Neck (Cervix Uteri)
- Body (Corpus Uteri)
- separated by the Internal Os
16
Q
- What is the Fundus of the Uterus?
A
- uppermost and widest part of the
Uterus - furthest from the opening
- connects to Fallopian Tubes
17
Q
- Which structures arise anteriorly and posteriorly from the junction of the Fundus and the Uterine Tubes?
A
- Broad ligaments
18
Q
- What are the 3 component tissues of the Uterus?
A
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
19
Q
- What is a hysterectomy?
A
- Hustera = greek word for womb
- it is the excision of the Uterus
20
Q
- What are the important relations of the Uterus?
A
- Utero-ovarian ligament
- Round ligament
- Broad ligament
- Cardinal ligament
- Uterosacral ligaments
- ligaments that support the Uterus
- Pelvic diaphragm
- Urogenital diaphragm
- Perineal body
- support the Uterus inferiorly
21
Q
- How does the Broad ligament form during development?
A
- Fusion of the Mullerian Ducts
22
Q
- What other important ligaments relate to the Uterus?
A
- Cardinal ligament
- Sacraouterine ligament
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament
- Broad ligament
23
Q
- What are the two subdivisons of the Cervix?
A
- Intravaginal
- Supravaginal
24
Q
- What surround the intravaginal part of the Cervix?
A
- fornix of the Vagina
25
25. What is name given to the Cervical opening into the Vagina?
- External Os
26
26. Why would a GP be very familiar with External Os?
- it is a site to collect pap smear
specimens
27
27. What is the blood supply to the Uterus?
- Uterine Artery
- branches from the anterior division
of the Internal Iliac Artery
28
28. Which important structure is closely related to the Uterine artery?
- Ureters
- run under the Uterine artery
29
29. What is the clinical significance of the Ureters and the Uterine Artery crossing over one another?
- Ureters can be damaged when
clamping the Uterine artery for
surgery
30
30. What is the nerve supply to the Uterus?
31. At which spinal level do the Afferent Nerves enter?
- Afferent nerves enter at level
T11/T12
- Sympathetic nerve supply comes
from the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
and the Ovarian Plexus
31
32. What is the course of the Round Ligament?
- runs from the Uterine Horns
- through the Deep Inguinal Ring
- through the Inguinal Canal
- to the Labia Majora
- fibres of the Round ligament mix
with the Mons Pubis
32
33. What is the male homologue of
the Round and Ovarian ligament?
- Gubernaculum
(Scrotal Ligament)
33
34. At what stage of gestation does the pregnant Uterus become palpable per abdomen?
- at 12 weeks
34
35. At what stage of gestation does the pregnant Uterus reach the Umbilicus?
- at 20 weeks
35
36. What are the 4 types of Menstrual disorders?
1. Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods)
2. Metrorrhagia
(irregular and heavy periods)
3. Dysmenorrhoea (painful periods)
4. Oligomenorrhpea
(cycle longer than 35 days)
36
37. What causes Uterine Prolapse?
- weakening of the ligaments that
support the Uterus
- commonly caused by multiple or
complicated childbirths
37
38. How are Uterine prolapses graded?
39. What are the symptoms?
- based on how far down the Uterus
has protruded
- Symptoms:
- Leakage of urine.
- Inability to completely empty your
bladder
- Feeling of heaviness or fullness in
your pelvis.
- Bulging in your vagina
- Lower-back pain
- Aching, or the feeling of pressure, in
your lower abdomen or pelvis
- Constipation
38
40. What are Uterine Fibroids?
41. What are symptoms of Uterine Fibroids?
- benign tumours
- made of muscular and fibrous
tissue
- Uterine Fibroids symptoms:
- Bleeding between periods.
- Heavy bleeding during your period,
sometimes with blood clots.
- Periods that may last longer than
normal
- Needing to urinate more often.
- Pelvic cramping or pain with
periods
- Feeling fullness or pressure in your
lower belly
- Pain during intercourse
39
42. What is Endometriosis?
43. What are the symptoms of Endometriosis?
- Endometrium growth in other areas
outside the Uterus
- Symptoms:
- Painful periods
- Pelvic pain
- cramping may start before a
menstrual period and last for days
into it
- Pain with sex
- Pain during or after sex is common
with endometriosis.
- Pain with bowel movements or
urination
- Excessive bleeding
- Infertility
40
44. What is Endometrial Carcinoma?
- malignant cancer of the cells in the
Endometrium
- it is increasing in incidence due to
increased life expectancy and
obesity
41
45. What is the adnexa?
- the structures between the Uterus
and the lateral Pelvic walls
42
46. How do you examine for an adnexal mass?
- Transvaginal ultrasounds
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Positron Emission Tomography
43
47. What structure do the Uterine (Fallopian) tubes arise from?
- the Para-Mesonephric ducts
44
48. Who was Fallopius?
- Italian anatomist
- discovered and named anatomical
structures
45
49. What attaches the Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) to the Broad Ligament?
- Mesosalpinx
46
50. How long are the oviducts?
- 4-5 cm long each
47
51. What are the five parts of the Oviduct?
1. Intramural
2. Isthmus
3. Ampulla
4. Infundibulum
5. Fimbriae
48
52. Which part of the Uterine tube is the narrowest?
- Isthmus
49
53. Where does fetilisation usually take place?
- Ampulla of the Uterine Tubes
50
54. Which type of cells line the Oviduct?
What is their function?
- Ciliated epithelium
- moves the Oocyte from the Ovary to
the Uterus
51
55. What happens to the Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) during ovulation?
- smooth muscles contract
- the ciliated epithelium helps to
move the Oocyte along the tube
52
56. Why are the Oviducts (Fallopian Tube) associated with a medical emergency?
- Ectopic Pregnancy
53
57. What artery supplies the Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)?
- Uterine Artery
54
58. What is Salpingitis?
- inflammation of the Uterine Tubes
- caused by a bacterial, vaginal
infection (Chlamydia / Gonorrhea)
55
59. What are Sequelae?
- pathological condition resulting
from a disease, injury, therapy or
other trauma
56
60. What is a hydro-salpinx?
- Oedematous fluid in the Fallopian
Tubes
57
61. What is pyo-salpinx?
- pus in the Fallopian Tubes
58
62. What is Cervical excitation?
- a sign found on a gynaecological
pelvic examination
- suggests a pelvic pathology
- indicates peritoneal infection
- can be tested with a Chandelier
sign
- checks for cervical motion
tenderness
59
63. What is the origin of many Ovarian malignancies (Hitherto)?
- the Ovary
- as well as the Uterine Tube
