Male Reproductive System

Question 1

Leydig cells

Answer 1

Secrete androgens
In the interstitium of the testes
Signal development of the secondary sex characteristics

Question 2

LH

Answer 2

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone and other androgenic hormones, which have a negative feedback to hypothalamus

Question 3

4 major diseases

Answer 3

Infertility
Congenital abnormalities
Infections
Tumors

Question 4

Cryptorchidism

Answer 4

Congenital malpositioning of testis outside of their normal scrotal location
Retractile testes due to unclosed inguinal canal
Infertility can result if both testes are cryptorchid (too hot in body for sperm production)
These testes have a 10x greater risk of malignant transformation than normal testes

Question 5

Balanitis

Answer 5

Inflammation of the glans penis

Question 6

Orchitis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the testes

Question 7

Inflammation in older men is result of…

Answer 7

Urinary retention secondary to prostatic enlargement

Question 8

Herpes vs Syphilis

Answer 8

Herpes: grouped vesicles with clear fluid
Syphilis: dirty looking ulcer

Question 9

Genital herpes

Answer 9

HSV 2
Vesicles located on the glans or skin of the penis or scrotum
Antivirals for relief

Question 10

Gonorrhea

Answer 10

Neisseria gonorrhoeae presents with burning on urination and a yellow urethral purulent discharge
Mild fever
Resistant strains emerging

Question 11

3 stages of syphilis

Answer 11

Primary: chancre and inguinal lymphadenopathy
Secondary: systemic spread of spirochetes, fever/macular rash/condyloma latum/hepatitis/other internal organ inflammations
Tertiary: CNS, CV lesions, 20 years later, incurable

Question 12

Chancre

Answer 12

From syphilis
Painless, indurated ulcer
Heals spontaneously

Question 13

3 germ cell tumors of the testes

Answer 13

Seminoma
Malignant nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma)
Mixed germ cell tumor

Question 14

What is
1. AFP
2. hCG
secreted by

Answer 14

1. Yolk sac tumor

2. Choriocarcinoma

Question 15

Embryonal carcinoma

Answer 15

20-30 year age group
More aggressive than seminomas
Necrotic and hemorrhagic tumor composed of sheets of malignant cells
High nuclear grade - bad prognosis

Question 16

Teratoma

Answer 16

Malignant in males (always)

Mixture of elements from more than one germ layer

Question 17

Leydig cell tumor

Answer 17

Produce excessive testosterone from a Leydig cell tumor
Can cause precocious puberty in preadolescent males
10% malignant
Oval cells with round nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm

Question 18

Sertoli cell tumor

Answer 18

Usually benign

Tumor is composed of cells arranged into tubules resembling an immature testes

Question 19

Testicular lymphoma

Answer 19

Rare (5% of all testicular neoplasms)
Most common testicular cancer in older men
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - large cell
Usually disseminated, rarely confined to testis
Prognosis uncertain

Question 20

Difference between benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate

Answer 20

BPH: central part becomes hyperplastic and compresses urethra
CP: Usually on the outer parts of the prostate so does not cause compression symptoms

Question 21

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 21

Reactive enlargement of the periurethral portion of the prostate gland
As it enlarges, it compresses the urethra
Pathogenesis not fully understood

Question 22

Most common cancer of internal organs in males

Answer 22

Carcinoma of the prostate

Third most common cause of cancer related deaths in males

Question 23

PSA

Answer 23

Prostate-specific antigen

Good marker of prostate carcinoma but has low specificity

Question 24

Penile cancer is mostly what type

Answer 24

Squamous cell carcinoma

Associated with HPV or poor hygiene