Bones and Joints Flashcards
Periosteum
Fibrous tissue and vessels that support the bone on the outside
Osteoid
Extracellular matrix that becomes calcified
Type 1 collagen
Mineralized and by calcium and phosphate
Osteocytes
From osteoblasts
In charge of mineralization and signal transduction
Also sense forces
3 areas of long bones
Epiphysis: at the end of long bones, associated with the cartilage cap and joint
Metaphysis: contains the growth plate, changes radically during growth
Diaphysis: central portion of bone
2 mechanisms for bone formation
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
3 functions of vitamin D
Increased calcium absorption by the intestine Resorption of calcium by the kidney Bone mineralization (calcification of the osteoid)
Vitamin D deficiency results from…
Lack of exposure to sunlight
Inadequate intake
Abnormal intestinal absorption
Osteopenia
Also called osteomalacia Decreased mineralization (calcification of bones) Bones are soft and pliable Increased fractures In children its called Ricketts
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass
Primary: idiopathic (older age, menopause, diet/lifestyle, and low initial bone mass are likely determinants)
Secondary: due to an identifiable cause (hormonal, diet, drugs, tumors, immobilization)
Fractures terms:
- Comminuted
- Open
- Complicated
- Pathologic
- Multiple fractures
- Skin disrupted
- Infected
- Due to abnormal bone from disease
Fracture healing
- Blood fills the gap left by fracture, and clots
- Inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and new capillaries use the blood clot framework to ingrow
- Soft tissue becomes transformed into woven bone
- As bone matures, and is subject to physical stress, weight bearing, remodelling occurs
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone Usually bacterial (staph) Infection can be introduced directly, from adjacent joint, or hematogenously
Osteosarcoma
Most common primary bone malignancy
Occurs in children/adolescents
Common in the metaphysis of long bones
Typically metastatis at presentation
Treated with chemo, surgery
60-70% of patients will survive for 5 years post-treatment
Can tell its an osteosarcoma if its producing osteoid
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
Affects weight-bearing joints
Incidence increases with increased weight and age
Due to wear and tear
Cartilage damage, tears - causes exposed bone and boney sclerosis, cysts form, nodules form, inflammation, swelling
Boney sclerosis
Looks like ivory
Called eburnation
From osteoarthritis
