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Pathology > Cell Pathology > Flashcards

Cell Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Makes rRNA

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2
Q

Na/K ATPase Pump

A 
Purpose is to maintain high K inside and high Na outside
Requires ATP (from the mitochondria) for energy
Water follows sodium
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3
Q

Definition of ischemia, hypoxia, and anoxia

A

Ischemia: low blood supply
Hypoxia: low oxygen
Anoxia: no oxygen

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4
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Happens if blood supply (oxygen and glucose) are restored and the cell returns to its original state
You get cell swelling originally

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5
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

Happens if blood supply (oxygen and glucose) are restored and the cell does not return to its original state
Cell lyses and releases its contents
Nucleus lyses
Cell cannot recover = cell death

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6
Q

Cardiac troponin

A

Regulatory protein
You can test for it to determine if someone has had a heart attack
it is released if there is irreversible cell injury

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7
Q

What 3 compounds are released if a liver cell undergoes irreversible cell injury?

A

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

Infarction

A

Necrosis of a region of tissue caused by blood supply to that region

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9
Q

6 causes of cell injury (both reversible and irreversible)

A
  1. Ischemia (hypoxia/anoxia)
  2. Toxins
  3. Microbes
  4. Mediators of inflammation and immune reactions
  5. Genetic
  6. Metabolic disorders
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10
Q

How does cyanide work?

A

It blocks cytochrome C oxidase, which is one of the mitochondrial enzymes involved in production of ATP
Binds irreversibly
Irreversible cell death
Also blocks other enzymes

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11
Q

4 types of microbes that cause cell death

A
  1. Bacteria (ex: staphlyococcus aureus)
  2. Viruses (ex: RSV, HIV, Hep B)
  3. Fungus (ex: Candida)
  4. Parasites (ex: Giardia)
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12
Q

Exotoxin

A

Protein produced by bacteria that causes a toxic reaction

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13
Q

Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning

A

It contaminates food and replicated in the food, where it produces an exotoxin
The exotoxin is then ingested with the contaminated food
It crosses enterocytes and acts on T cells to cause violent inflammatory reactions (diarrhea and vomiting)

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14
Q

2 things Staph aureus causes

A
  1. Food poisoning

2. Impetigo

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15
Q

Directly cytopathic

A

The virus alone is killing the cell

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16
Q

Indirectly cytopathic

A

The damage is being caused by the host inflammatory cells in response to the infection

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17
Q

Cytopathic definition

A

Producing damage to the cell

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18
Q

Example of a directly and indirectly cytopathic virus

A

Directly: RSV
Indirectly: Hepatitis B

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19
Q

RSV infecting pneumocyte steps

A

Acquired by breathing in droplets containing virus from coughs/sneezes (effects infants)
RSV virus dumps viral RNA into cytoplasm and hijacks cell processes to make more viruses - also causes nuclear changes we can see
More RSV viruses - infected cell becomes multinucleated

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20
Q

Chronic viral Hepatitis B

A

Long standing inflammation of the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus

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21
Q

Chronic viral hepatitis B infection

A

Acquired by exposure to blood contaminated with Hep B virus (IV drug use, etc)
Virus enters hepatocyte and dumps viral DNA into nucleus
Hep B DNA makes more virus but does not kill cell
Hep B antigen on cell surface
T cell recognizes foreign viral antigen and gives signal to kill hepatocyte
Indirectly cytopathic (T cell is killing the hepatocyte)

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22
Q

HIV infection of T cells

A

Acquired by exposure to bodily fluids containing the virus (sex, exposure to blood)
HIV releases RNA and reverse transcriptase into cytoplasm
That makes RNA into DNA in cytoplasm, which enters nucleus
HIV hijacks cell processes to make more HIV virus and is directly cytopathic

23
Q

Abscess definition

A

An infection becomes walled off from surrounding tissues

24
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

A viral enzyme that converts RNA into DNA

25
Q

Cytokines definition

A

Proteins secreted by immune cells that can act on other cells either near or far away

26
Q

Complement proteins definition

A

Proteins in blood that can lyse both bacteria and cells

27
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Autosomal recessive
A type of lysosomal storage disease
Caused by a mutation in an enzyme called hexosaminidase A
Results in accumulation of material in lysosomes

28
Q

5 types of intermediate filaments and where to find them

A
  1. Cytokeratins (epithelial tissue)
  2. Vimentin (mesenchymal tissue)
  3. Desmin (muscle tissue)
  4. GFAP - glial fibrillary acidic protein (glial tissue)
  5. Neurofilaments (neurons)
29
Q

3 types of cytoskeletal filaments

A
  1. Intermediate filaments (5 types)
  2. Microfilaments (actin and myosin)
  3. Microtubules (tubulin)
30
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

A type of tissue stain that will turn certain substances brown, so that we can see them

31
Q

Suicide genes

A

Genes that control apoptosis

Apoptosis requires energy and activates these genes

32
Q

Physiologic definition

A

Normal process

Opposite = pathologic

33
Q

How does the T cell kill a chronic hepatitis B infected hepatocyte?
(3 steps)

A
  1. T cell recognizes viral antigen and activates death receptor
  2. Death receptor activates apoptosis pathways in nucleus and cytoplasm
  3. Apoptotic hepatocyte with nuclear and cytoplasmic fragmentation
34
Q

Graft versus host disease

A

When a patient receives a bone marrow transplantation for leukemia, the bone marrow transplant (graft) can recognize the patient’s tissues (host) as foreign and begin to attack them
Graft versus host disease is a serious complication of bone marrow transplantation

35
Q

Bone marrow definition

A

The soft middle part of bone that contains the cells that form blood cells and participate in inflammation

36
Q

Graft versus host disease

3 steps

A
  1. Donor T cell sees foreign antigen on enterocyte and activates death receptor
  2. Death receptor activates apoptosis pathways in nucleus and cytoplasm
  3. Apoptotic enterocyte with fragmented nucleus and cytoplasm
    Happens because the match is not perfect
37
Q

Bcl-2

A

A cytoplasmic protein that blocks apoptosis

38
Q

Follicular lymphoma

A

B cells do not undergo apoptosis and you have too many B cells

39
Q

Necrosis versus apoptosis

2 each

A

Necrosis: cell lysis, nuclear lysis
Apoptosis: cytoplasmic fragmentation, nuclear fragmentation

40
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of cell/tissue/organ

Ex: brain with atrophy due to vascular disease

41
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cell/tissue/organ

Ex: hypertrophy of left ventricle in high blood pressure

42
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

Ex: hyperplasia of endometrium due to increased estrogen

43
Q

Metaplasia

A

One mature cell type turns into another mature cell type

Ex: smoking turns respiratory columnar epithelium into squamous epithelium

44
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation, has an abnormal appearance under the microscope

45
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation that has formed a tumor

46
Q

Hereditary hemochromatosis

A

Excess iron in liver due to genetic defect
Transport of iron is not regulated
Iron is toxic to liver

47
Q

Nonalchoholic fatty liver disease

A

Occurs when hepatocytes receive excess glucose, usually due to poor diet
The cell will convert excess glucose into fat
Excess fat is toxic to liver

48
Q

Gross definition

A

Macroscopic

Look at something with eyes

49
Q

Microscopic

A

Histologic
Histopathologic
Look at something with microscope

50
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Type of cell death caused by ischemia or infarction
Marked inactivation of cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzymes
Tissues do not lyse so they retain their form and consistency

51
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Can be caused by ischemia
Tissue is soft and liquified
Also in brain can be an infarct or stroke

52
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung

Tissue is somewhat firm but falls apart as you handle it

53
Q

Enzymatic fat necrosis

A

Caused by pancreatic enzymes digesting surrounding fat
Appears liquefied with calcified areas
Usually caused by acute pancreatitis (also trauma)
Fat degraded into glycerol and free fatty acids – free fatty acids bind calcium, forming calcium soaps – looks like liquified fat with whitish specks of calcium soap
Done by lipolytic enzymes

54
Q

Consequences of diabetic glomerulosclerosis

A

Thickened vascular walls
Increased material in glomerulus
Due to hyperglycemia

Pathology (19 decks)

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