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Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Other terms for

  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Posterior pituitary
A
  1. Adenohypophysis

2. Neurohypophysis

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2
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

ADH and oxytocin

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3
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A 
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL
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4
Q

Clinical features of pituitary tumors

  1. Prolactinoma
  2. Somatotropic adenoma
  3. Corticoadenoma
A
  1. Amenorrhea and galactorrhea
  2. Acromegaly or gigantism
  3. Cushing disease (too much ACTH)
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5
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome

A

Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency due to ischemia related postpartum pituitary necrosis

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6
Q

Panhypopituitarianism

A

Condition of inadequate or absent production of the anterior pituitary hormones
Shows general weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension

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7
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Lack of antidiuretic hormone
Polyuria
Caused by: tumors, infection of brain or meninges, intracranial hemorrhage, trauma of bones at base of skull or transection of pituitary stalk

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess of free thyroid hormones in the blood

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9
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Autoantibodies (IgG) to the TSH receptor on the surface of thyroid follicular cells
More often seen in women
Idiopathic nodular hyperplasia, adenoma, or exogenous thyroid medication
Symptoms: hyperactive, heat intolerance, bulging eyes, tachycardia, etc)

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10
Q

Goiter of thyroid

A

Causes: iodine deficiency, idiopathic
Consists of nodules that enlarge and deform the thyroid
Secondary changes include calcification, hemorrhage, and atrophy
Most are nontoxic - no increased TSH
Symptoms (hoarseness and cough) are due to the compression of the larynx

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11
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Most common nutritional cause of hypothyroidism

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12
Q

Hypothyroidism clinical features

children vs adults

A

In children, results in dwarfism and mental retardation (cretinism)
In adults, causes puffy skin, bradycardia, constipation, cold intolerance, muscle weakness

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13
Q

4 thyroid malignant tumors

A

Papillary: majority, low grade with favorable prognosis
Follicular: relatively good prognosis
Medullary: can produce calcitonin
Anaplastic: rare, and most patients die within 1 year

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14
Q

C cells

A

Secrete calcitonin

Found between follicles of the thyroid

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduces blood calcium

Produced by C cells of the thyroid

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16
Q

Causes of primary vs secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

P: parathyroid hyperplasia or neoplasia
S: chronic renal failure

17
Q

4 consequences of hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Stones (renal stones)
  2. Bones (bone resorption)
  3. Mones (psychiatric manifestations)
  4. Groans (stomach ulcers)
    Parathryoid hormone causes bone resorption, which indirectly stimulates calcium absorption in intestine. Resulting hypercalcemia causes 1, 3, 4
18
Q

Cushing’s syndrome vs Cushing disease

A

Syndrome: hypercortisolism - just to do with the adrenals
Disease: too much ACTH - brain problem

19
Q

Clinical features of Cushin’s syndrome

A 
Moon face
Obesity
Cutaneous striae
Emotional instability
Buffalo hump
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
20
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Caused by autoimmune diseases, tumors, TB, amylodosis
Symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, nausea, hypotension, frequent syncope, susceptibility to recurrent infections

21
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Adults, mostly benign but malignant in 10%
Vanillymandelic acid (VMA) found in urine and important for diagnosis
Present with malignant hypertension
Get episodic heart palpitations because the tumor can pulse release epi and NOR

22
Q

Neuroblastoma

A 
More common in children
Large tumor
Stromal cells
Malignant
Easy to palpate
23
Q

Acromegaly vs giantism

A

Both caused by somatotropic adenoma (a pituitary tumor)
Acromegaly is pospubertal
Giantism is prepubertal

Pathology (19 decks)

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