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Endo-Repro Final > Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary induce the testis to form

A

Testosterone
Inhibin

Both inhibit GnRH
Testosterone inhibits LH
Inhibit inhibits FSH

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2
Q

XY or XX is _______ sex
Testes or ovaries is the ________ sex
Internal and external genitalia is the ______ sex

A

Genetic sex
Gonadal sex
Phenotypic sex

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3
Q

Male internal genitalia is under the control of what hormone

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

External male genitalia is controlled by what hormone

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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5
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

XY —> Testes

No testosterone receptors - no development of male internal/external genitalia

+ antimullerian hormone —> no Fallopian tubes, uterus, or upper vagina

Phenotypic female with short vagina, labia, and clitors
Develop breasts during puberty

Must remove testis to prevent malignancy

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6
Q

Main structures of testis

A

Seminiferous tubules
Produce sperm, contains Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes

Connective tissue/interstitial
Leydig cells produce testosterone, also contains mast cells, macrophages, nerves, BV, LN

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7
Q

Leydig cells are stimulated by what hormone of the anterior pituitary

A

LH

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8
Q

Sertoli cells are stimulated by what hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

FSH

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9
Q

Exocrine functions of Sertoli cells

A

Secrete aqueous fluid into lumen of seminiferous tubules -> sperm transport from tubules to epididydmus

Produce androgen binding proteins - binds testosterone and concentrates it in the seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

Endocrine functions of Sertoli cells

A

Produce antimullerian hormone - regression of internal female genital ducts

Produces inhibit: inhibits FSH

Produces aromatase - converts testosterone to estradiol 17b

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11
Q

Supportive function of Sertoli cells

A

Provide nutrients into differentiating sperm (transferrin, Fe, lactate)

Form tight junctions - blood testes barrier

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12
Q

Function of leydig cells

A

Synthesize and secrete testosterone

Can make cholesterol de novo or acquire from circulation

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13
Q

Hormonal changes at puberty

A

Pulsatile GnRH secretion produces pulsatile FSH and LH secretion

Leads to sex steroid hormone secretion (testosterone)

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14
Q

Order of affinity of androgens (on androgen receptor)

A

DHT > testosterone > Androstenedione (very weak but still binds)

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15
Q

Active androgen in most target tissues

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Androgen made in leydig cells —> seminiferous tubules —> peritubular capillaries —> peripheral circulation

A

Testosterone

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17
Q

_______ _______ protein binds testosterone in the seminiferous tubules to concentrate testosterone there

A

Androgen binding protein

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18
Q

Testosterone production begins at ____ weeks

A

7-8 weeks

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19
Q

Testosterone causes induction of _____ sex characteristics

A

Secondary

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20
Q

What are some secondary sexual characteristics induced by testosterone

A 
Growth spurt 
Closure of epiphyseal plates
Acne
Increased muscle ass
Deepening of voice 
Body hair
Baldness
Libido 
Growth of penis and seminal vesicles
Increased BMR 
Increased RBCs
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21
Q

_____ is made from testosterone by the action of 5alpha reductase (enzyme)

A

dihydrotestosterone

22
Q

During development, DHT directs the formation of _____ genitalia

A

External genitalia

23
Q

5alpha reductase deficiency

A

At birth, male internal genitalia (testosterone) ambiguous external genitalia (no DHT)

At puberty: testosterone levels super high- asculinization and male external genitalia

24
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Poorly understood pathogenesis but requires androgens

Enlargement of periurethral prostate lobes -> compress urethra

Storage and voiding symptoms

Not premalignant

25
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment options

A

1st line - alpha1 antagonists - relaxes smooth muscle in bladder neck and urethra

2nd line - 5alhpa reductase inhibitors - blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT

26
Q

Testosterone can be aromatized to ______

A

Estrogens

27
Q

Actions of estradiol

A

Bone maturation
Growth acceleration
Breast growth
Role in spermatogenesis

28
Q

Male hypogonadism

A

Decrease in sperm/testosterone production

Primary - problem with testis, high LH and FSH

Secondary - problem with pituitary, low LH, FSH, low testosterone and sperm

29
Q

Klinefelter is an example of ____________

A

Hypogonadismm

30
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Primary hypogonadys
47, XXY

Y chromosome gives male phenotype
Abnormal leydig function, low test, high LH, high estrogen

Seminiferous tubule dysgenesis
Infertility, decreased inhibin causes high FSH

31
Q

Secondary hypogonadis (non functioning pituitary tumors)

A

Pituitary compression - low LH and FSH, low test, hypogonadism

Mass effect: visual symptoms, headache

32
Q

Kallmann syndrome is an example of _______ hypogonadism

A

Secondary hypogonadism

33
Q

Kallmann syndrome

A

GnRH neurons fail to migrate into hypothalamus during embryonic development - low GnRH secretion - low LH, FSH - low testosterone

Delayed/absent puberty

Infertility

Impaired sense of smell ss

34
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in the _____

A

Seminiferous tubules

35
Q

Immature male germ cells

A

Spermatogoniia

36
Q

As sperm cell precursors mature, they move closer to lumen/basolateral membrane

A

Lumen

37
Q

Three phases of spermatogenesis

A

Mitotic divisions
Meiotic divisions
Spermiogenesis

38
Q

As a result of mitotic divisions of spermatogenesis, the spermatogonia forms ____ _______ cells

A

2 primary spermatocytes

39
Q

As a result of meiotic divisions of spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocytes (2 from before) under go ____ meiotic divisions to produce ____x _____________ with X amount of chromosomes

As a result of the second round of meiotic divisions, the cell types from above produce ___x _______ with x amount of chromosomes

A

Primary spermatocytes
2 secondary spermatocytes each haploid
2 spermatic each haploid

40
Q

Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become

A

Mature spermatozoa.

41
Q

What virus can cause testicular pain, scrotal swelling, erythema

Destroys epithelium of seminiferous tubules and ay impair fertility

A

Mumps

42
Q

Cryptorchidsm

A

Undescendeed testes

Affects Sertoli cells, not leydig cells therefore

Testosterone is normal
Impaired fertility

43
Q

Hormonal controls of spermatogenesis

A 
Testosterone: growth and division 
LH: stimulation of testostorone 
FSH: stimulates Sertoli cells
GH: early division fo spermatogonia
Estrogen: probably also essential for spermiogenesis
44
Q

Describe the movement of sperm

A 
Seminiferous tubules 
Epididymus 
Vas deferens 
Prostate glands 
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct 
Urethra
 Bulbourethral glands
45
Q

In the epididymus, what maturation of sperm occurs

A

Motility is imparted

Decapacitation - addition of molecules to membranes to prevent premature acrosomal reaction

46
Q

Seminal vesicles secrete fluid containing what molecules

A

Fructose, citrate, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

Noursh super
Prostaglandins important for fertilization

47
Q

Prostate gland secretion functions

A

Produces slightly alkaline fluid containing citrate, phosphate, calcium, and enzymes

Neutralizes acidity of other seminal fluids
Improves motility
Aids in fertilization

48
Q

Composition of semen

A

10% sperm
60% fluid from seminal vesicles
30% fluid from prostate
Small amount of fluid from bulbourethral gland

49
Q

Primary mode of arousal

A

Sensory nerve signals from glans penis —> pudendal n —> sacral spinal cord

50
Q

Secondary arousal centers

A

Anal epithelium
Scrotum
Perineal structures
Internal structures

51
Q

What are the 3 erectile bodies in the penis

A

2 corpora cavernous and 1 corpus spongiosum

Relax for an erection

Endo-Repro Final (8 decks)

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