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Repro I > Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the natural inhibitor or GnRH?

A

melatonin secreted by the pineal gland

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2
Q

What are the functions of Leydig cells?

A

primary endocrine cell of testis
Make limited amounts of DHT and estradiol-17b
Synthesis and secretion off testosterone

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3
Q

What are the functions of Sertoli cells

A

Provide nutrients to differentiating sperm
Phagocytosis-ing excess spermatid cytoplasm
Form tight junctions to make basal and luminal compartment
Blood-testes barrier
Secrete aqueous fluid into lumen

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4
Q

What stimulates Sertoli cells?

A

FSH via Gs pathway to secrete ABP and aromatase

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5
Q

What does the blood-testes barrier allow the passing of?

A

testosterone

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6
Q

What are the endocrine functions of Sertoli cells?

A

expression of T, ABP, and FSH receptors
Production of AMH
Aromatization of T to estradiol-17 b
production of inhibing to regulate FSH levels

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7
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

along the seminiferous tubules lined by complex stratified epithelium

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8
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

74 days

Process staggered to allow group of cells to enter maturation every 16 days

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9
Q

What are the hormonal factors that stimulate spermatogenesis

A 
LH
Testosterone
FSH
Estrogens
GH
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10
Q

What role does LH play in spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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11
Q

What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

A

Secreted by Leydig cells

Essential for growth/division of testicular germinal cells; the beginning of sperm formation

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12
Q

What role does FSH play in spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to nurse and form sperm

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13
Q

What role does estrogen play in spermatogenesis

A

Formed from testosterone by Sertoli cells when stimulated by FSH
Might be essential for spermatogenesis

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14
Q

What role does GH have in spermatogenesis

A

Necessary for controlling background metabolic functions of tested
Promotes early division of sperm themselves

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15
Q

What stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnant lone in testes?

A

LH
By increasing affinity of desmolase for cholesterol
and stimulates synthesis of desmolase

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16
Q

What causes backward, reverse peristaltic contractions in uterus and Fallopian tubes to move ejaculated sperm towards the ovaries?

A

PGs

17
Q

Describe the changes in GnRH secretion that occur during onset of puberty and the resulting change in LH and FSH secretion

A

Large nocturnal pulses of LH during REM sleep due to GnRH intermittent pulses
FSH and LH stimulate gonadal steroid hormones
Testosterone and estradiol increase secondary sexual characteristics

18
Q

What are the populations of Leydig cells controlled by?

A

locally produced paracrine and endocrine hormones

19
Q

What are the 2 distinct populations of Leydig cells?

A

Fetal and adult Leydig cells

20
Q

Describe fetal Leydig cells

A

Responsible for masculinizing the urogenital tract

Inducing test is descent by testosterone

21
Q

Describe adult Leydig cells

A

from undifferentiated precursors present after birth

Become fully steroidogenic at puberty

22
Q

What are the sources of cholesterol in testis?

A

Free cholesterol generated w/I testis by HSL
Cholesterol transferred w/I mitochondrial membranes via StAR, desmolase
Also from LDL and HDL in circulation

23
Q

How is cholesterol stored?

A

as cholesterol esters

24
Q

How is testosterone concentrated in the lumen of seminiferous tubules?

A

Androgen-binding protein ABP

25
Q

What role does DHT have in a male adult?

A

Hair distribution and male pattern baldness
Sebaceous gland activity
Growth of prostate

26
Q

What is the biological effect of LH on Leydig cells

A

cAMP-PKA pathway
Production of inhibin
Stimulates cell to secrete ABP

27
Q

What occurs if there is T deficiency in 2nd to 3rd month of gestation?

A

caring ambiguity in male genitalia and male pseudo-hermaphrodism

28
Q

What does T deficiency cause in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

Problems in testicular descent along with micro-penis

Descent of testes into scrotum during last 2-3 months of pregnancy

29
Q

What is the effect of T deficiency during puberty?

A

poor secondary sexual development and overall eunuch old features
Eunuchoidism: persistence of pre-pubertal characteristics, characteristics of opposite sex

30
Q

What effect does T deficiency have on post-puberty pts

A 
decreased libido
ED
Decreased fascial and body hair
low energy 
infertility
31
Q

What happens in male hypogonadism?

A

genetic inability to produce GnRH
Low T levels
infantile sex organs
Gonadal failure

32
Q

What is kallman’s syndrome?

A 
genetic disorder
Hypothalamic neurons for GnRH fail to migrate into hypothalamus during embryonic development
Delayed or absent puberty
Impaired sense of smell 
Hypogonadotropic hyogonadism
33
Q

What is klinefleter syndrome?

A

men with extra X chromosome
Appear normal after birth
At puberty: increased levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis; androgen production low;
Low T secretion, high LH - primary hypogonadism

34
Q

What is andropause?

A

as men age, gonadal sensitivity to LH decreases
Androgen production drops
Serum LH and FSH rise

35
Q

What is the innervation of erection

A

parasympathetic: innervate vascular SM m of helicine aa
Releases NO - vasodilation

Somatic stimulation: increase contraction of muscles at base of penis

36
Q

What is the innervation of emission?

A

Sympathetic controls
Causes sequential peristaltic contraction of SM m of vas deferens and closes internal sphinchter of bladder to prevent retrograde

37
Q

What is the innervation control of ejaculation?

A

somatic - rhythmic contraction of bulbospongiosus mm and ischiocavernosus mm

Repro I (11 decks)

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