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Repro I > Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of granulosa cells?

A

provide nutrients such as aa, nucleic acids and pyruvate to support oocyte maturation

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2
Q

What are mural granulosa cells

A 
also called stratum granulosum 
Form outer wall of the follicle
Close to outerlying thecal layers
Become highly steroidogenic
Remain in the ovary after ovulation
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3
Q

What runs in the medulla of the ovary?

A

neurovascular elements

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4
Q

What is the cortex of the ovarry composed of?

A

densely cellular stroma

Ovarian follicles

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5
Q

What gives rise to mroe than 80% of cases of ovarian cancer?

A

Highly mitogenic population of cells that make up the ovarian surface epithelial

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6
Q

What represents the earliest and simplest follicular structure in the ovary?

A

primary oocyte with surrounding single layer of preganulosa cells

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7
Q

What is one of the first visible signs of follicle grwoth ?

A

appearance of cuboidal granulosa cells

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8
Q

Whaat happens once the follicle acquires 3-6 layers of granulosa cells?

A

secretes paracrine factors that induce nearby stromal cells to differentiate into epithelioid thecal cells

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9
Q

Thecal cells are on the outside of the follicle’s __________

A

basement membrane

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10
Q

Movement of the follicle from the outer cortex to the inner cortex, allows the follicle to do what?

A

when closer to the vasculature of the ovarian medulla, follicles release angiogenic factors that induce the development of 1 or 2 arterioles

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11
Q

What happens to the oocyte and endocrine function of the follicle after theca cells start to show increasing differentiation ?

A

oocyte begins secretion of glycoproteins that form the zona pellucida
Granulosa cells express the FSH receptor but do not produce ovarian hormones
Theca cells produce very little or no androstenedione

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12
Q

What happens once granulosa epithelium increases to 6 or 7 layers?

A

fluid-filled spaces appear between cells and come together into the antrum
and granulosa is divided into 2 populations

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13
Q

What are cumulus cells?

A

also called corona radiata
Inner cells surrounding the oocyte
Released from the ovary with the oocyte
Crucial for ability of fibriated end of oviduct to grab and move oocyte through oviduct

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14
Q

What are the 2 populations of granulosa cells?

A 
mural granulosa cells (stratum granulosum)
Cumulus cells (corona radiata)
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15
Q

Follicles with antrum gain meitotic competence but still maintain meiotic arrest until when?

A

midcycle LH surge

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16
Q

What do thecal cells produce once there is a complete antrum?

A

lots of androstenedione and some testosterone

have LH receptors

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17
Q

What is the function of mural granulosa cells?

A

Once stimulated by FSH: express aromatase to
convert Testosterone into estradiol - 17b
Convert androstenedione into estrone
also express inhibin B
Later, also have LH receptors

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18
Q

How is only one follicle selected to be dominant?

A

low levels of estrogen and inhibin exert a negative feedback effect on FSH secretion, select the follicle with the most FSH-ressponsive cells. Other follicles undergo atresia

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19
Q

Before ovulation, follicle presses against wall of ovary to form bulge called what?

A

stigma

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20
Q

What causes expansion of oocyte complex making it easier for capture by oviduct and easier for sperm to locate?

A

CDF9 released from oocyte that stimulates cumulus cells to secrete hyaluronic acid

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21
Q

What do sperm produce to allow penetration into cumulus-oocyte complex?

A

hyaluronidase

22
Q

What arrests the oocyte in prophase I?

A

high cAMP levels

23
Q

What does the LH surge induce in mural granulosa cells? What is the purpose?

A

Inhibits aromatase expression
Rapid decline in estrogen helps turn off positive feedback on LH secretion
Increases expression of proteins and enzymes to produce progesterone

24
Q

What cells collapse and fill the antral cavity after ovulation?

A

Granulosa lutein cells that enlarge and fill with cholesterol esters

25
Q

What do granulosa lutein cells secrete that suppresses FSH secretion?

A

Inhibin A

Progesterone and estrogen

26
Q

What is menarche?

A

Beginning of menstrual cycles

27
Q

What is Thelarche?

A

breast development

28
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

increase in adrenal androgen secretion

29
Q

What does the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincide with?

A

proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

30
Q

What does the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle coincide with?

A

secretory phase of endometrial cycle

31
Q

What stimulates the endometrium to undergo rapid and continuous growth and maturation?

A

Increase production of estrogen estradiol

32
Q

What enhances the sensitivity of the gonadotrophs to GnRH?

A

high levels of estradiol

33
Q

What allows estrogen to exert a positive feedback?

A

After the estradiol levels reach a certain threshold for a minimum of 2 days, HP axis reverses its sensitivity to estrogens
Switch to positive feedback promotes LH surge

34
Q

What do inhibins inhibit?

A

FSH secretion by the gonadotophs of the anterior pituitary

35
Q

What causes the levels of FSH and LH to rapidly decrease after LH surge?

A

negative feedback by estradiol, progesterone and inhibin

36
Q

What converts estrone to estradiol?

A

17 b-HSD

37
Q

What can convert estradiol and estrone into estriol?

A

liver

38
Q

What induces synthesis of progestin receptors in endometrial tissue?

A

estrogen

39
Q

What does progesterone promote the differentiation of stromal cells into?

A

Predecidual cells , which must be prepared to form decidua of pregnancy

40
Q

What do contraceptive steroids feedback on directly?

A

level of hypothalamus decreasing GnRH and at level of gonadotrophs in anterior pituitary

41
Q

What is the net effect of OCP?

A

low FSH levels are insufficient to stimulate normal folliculogenesis
Low LH obviate LH surge so no ovulation
Progestin: cervical mucus thickens, sticky and insufficient, decrease motility of uterus and oviducts, decrease glycogen,

42
Q

What is menorrhagia ?

A

loss of greater than 8 mL of blood

43
Q

what is oligomenorrhea?

A

Existence of few, irregular periods

44
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

absence of periods

45
Q

What is oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea often due to ?

A

dysfunction or cessation of HPO axis as opposed to local pelvic pathophysiology

46
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

When endometrial glands and stroma grow outside the uterus

Inflammation and scarring

47
Q

What are the clinical presentations of endometriosis?

A 
Chronic pelvic pain linked to menses
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia (painful sex)
Rectal pain 
Constipation
Infertility
48
Q

What are enlarged polycystic ovaries known to be associated with?

A

increased androgen levels (DHEA)
Promotes atresia in developing follicules
Elevated LH, Low FSH, elevated testosterone

49
Q

Describe menopause

A

about 52 yrs of age
reduction of estrogen and low levels of inhibin
High levels of LH and FSH

50
Q

What is the functional unit of the ovary?

A

ovarian follicle

Repro I (11 decks)

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