Male Reproductive Development Disorders

Question 1

Which gene, alongside SRY, will promote male development?

Answer 1

SOX9

Question 2

Where do the primordial germ cells of both sexes arise?

Answer 2

Epiblast

Question 3

Leydig cells are present in the foetus until how many weeks gestation?

Answer 3

17-18 weeks

Question 4

When do leydig cells reappear?

Answer 4

Puberty

Question 5

How can a hydrocele and an inguinal hernia be differentiated?

Answer 5

By a transluminal test - the hydrocele will glow a reddish colour

Question 6

When does testicular descent begin?

Answer 6

10 weeks

Question 7

Which hormone, produced by Leydig cells, causes the enlargement of the gubernaculum?

Answer 7

insulin-like peptide 3

Question 8

Which hormones control the descent of the testes during the inguinoscrotal phase?

Answer 8

Androgens and calcitonin-gene-related peptide

Question 9

When do the testis usually arrive in the scrotum?

Answer 9

a few weeks before birth

Question 10

What structures comprise the inguinal canal?

Answer 10

internal oblique muscle
transverse abdominus muscle
aponeurosis of external and internal oblique
inguinal ligament
lacunar ligament
transversalis fascia
conjoint tendon

Question 11

Which important structure of the male reproductive tract is transmitted through the inguinal canal?

Answer 11

spermatic cord

Question 12

How long is the inguinal canal?

Answer 12

4cm

Question 13

What fibrous structures forms the septa which divide the testis into lobules?

Answer 13

Tunica albuginea

Question 14

What are the functions of the Sertoli cells?

Answer 14

form the blood-testis barrier
support and protect spermatogenic cells
mediate effects of testosterone and FSH
secret inhibin to regulate spermatogenesis

Question 15

Which structures are transmitted in the spermatic cord?

Answer 15

ductus deferens
testicular artery
ductus artery
cremaster artery
pampniform plexus
up to 12 veins
nerves
lymphatic vessels

Question 16

What instrument can be used to measure the volume of the testis?

Answer 16

Orchidometer

Question 17

What is a varicocele?

Answer 17

A large and squidgy vein at the back of the testicle which resembles a bag of worms

Question 18

What is orchitis?

Answer 18

Infected and swollen testes

Question 19

How can hydrocele and inguinal hernia be differentiated?

Answer 19

By translumination, a hydrocele will glow red

Question 20

What are the long-term consequences of cryptorchidism?

Answer 20

impaired testicular function including spermatogenesis and increased risk of testicular cancer

Question 21

What is the prevalence of cryptorchidism?

Answer 21

2-8%

Question 22

In a patient with cryptorchidism, will you be able to palpate the testes if they are abdominal?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

In a patient with cryptorchidism, will you be able to palpate the testes if they are inguinal?

Answer 23

Possibly

Question 24

In a patient with cryptorchidism, will you be able to palpate the testes if they are prescrotal?

Answer 24

Usually yes

Question 25

What are the risk factors for cryptorchidism?

Answer 25

birth weight <2.5kg
small size for gestational age
prematurity
maternal diabetes
environmental factors - organochlorines, smoking, phthalate monoesters

Question 26

When is surgery for cryptorchidism usually undertaken?

Answer 26

Between the ages of 6-18 months

Question 27

Cryptorchidism can be retractile. What does this mean?

Answer 27

The testes do not sit in the scrotum but can be pulled back into the scrotum

Question 28

What is the increased risk of testicular cancer with cryptorchidism>

Answer 28

5%

Question 29

The higher in the abdomen, the testes are located the greater the risk of testicular cancer. T/F?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is the name of the surgery to correct cryptorchidism?

Answer 30

Orchidopexy

Question 31

What are the complications of orchidopexy?

Answer 31

Haemotomas, pain, wound infections, testicular atrophy and recurrent cryptorchidism

Question 32

What is the hormonal treatment for cryptorchidism?

Answer 32

hCG stimulation test where testosterone levels are artificially increased

Question 33

What are the side effects of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism?

Answer 33

pain, penile growth, behavioural problems, temporary inflammatory changes of the teste and reduced testicular volume in adulthood

Question 34

What conditions are commonly associated with cryptorchidism?

Answer 34

Aarskog, fraser, Noonan, rubinstein-taybi, prune belly, smith-limli-opitz and rubinows syndromes

Question 35

What is the prevalence of hypospadias?

Answer 35

1 in 300 births

Question 36

What is a hypospadias?

Answer 36

An ectopic urethral meatus lying proximal to the normal site and on the ventral aspect of the penis

Question 37

What are epispadias?

Answer 37

Ectopic urethral meatus on the dorsal side of the penis

Question 38

What causal factors may be implicated in hypospadias?

Answer 38

hormonal fluctuations of testosterone and progesterone
advanced maternal age
assisted pregnancies
teratogenic drugs
reduced sensitivity to androgens 
genetic factors

Question 39

How are hypospadias treated?

Answer 39

Surgery

Question 40

Why is it important that children with hypospadias are not circumcised?

Answer 40

The tissue from the foreskin is used by the surgeon to repair the hypospadias

Question 41

What syndrome would an individual with the karyotype 45X have?

Answer 41

Turner’s syndrome

Question 42

What syndrome would an individual with the karyotype 47XXY have?

Answer 42

Klinefelter’s syndrome