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Histology Sem 3 > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Major function of testes

A

Produce male gametes or spermatozoa and androgens

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2
Q

Male excurrent ducts

A

Ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis, ductus vas deferens

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3
Q

Male accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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4
Q

Outer dense connective tissue of the testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

Inner layer of the testis capsule

A

Tunica vasculosa

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6
Q

Posterior surface of the tunica albuginea that thickens and projects inward

A

Mediastinum testis

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7
Q

Spaces between seminiferous tubules

A

Testicular interstitium

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8
Q

Steriod-producing endocrine cells located in the testicular interstitium

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

Cell structure of Leydig cells

A

Well-developed SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae, numerous lipid droplets, crystals of Reinke on electron microscope

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10
Q

Functions of Leydig Cells

A

Main source of testosterone

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11
Q

Cells of the seminiferous epithelium

A

Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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12
Q

Composition of the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules

A

Fibroblasts and collagen fibrils

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13
Q

Support cells of the seminiferous epithelium

A

Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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14
Q

Appearance of the Sertoli cells

A

Large, irregular, very light-staining euchromatic nucleus with well-expressed nucleolus

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15
Q

What is unique about the Sertoli cell junctions

A

Both tight and adherence junctions that can be disassembled and reassembled under certain factors

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16
Q

How do the Sertoli cells help germ cells?

A

Nourish, participate in cell movement and differentiation

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17
Q

Divisions that the Sertoli cells make

A

Basal and adluminal compartments

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18
Q

Barrier between blood and maturing sperm cells

A

Blood-testis barrier made by the Sertoli cells

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19
Q

What is the effect of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Immunologically privileged site, which limits/suppresses the immune response here

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20
Q

What do the Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Androgen-binding proteins and inhibin

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21
Q

Binds testosterone and is used to maintain the high testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules

A

Androgen-binding proteins

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22
Q

Secreted by Sertoli cells to inhibit FSH by the pituitary

A

Inhibin

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23
Q

What happens to residual bodies and dengerated germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells phagocytize them

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24
Q

Hormonal regulation of Sertoli cells

A

Testosterone produced by Leydig cells and FSH produced by pituitary glands

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25
Q

Cells that replicate and differentiate into mature sperm

A

Spermatogenic cells (germ cells)

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26
Q

How are germ cells organized within the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Most immature stages are located closer to the tunica propria, more mature cells move into the adluminal compartment

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27
Q

Initial stage of development of the sperm

A

Spermatogonial phase

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28
Q

3 Types of spermatogonia cells

A

Type A dark, Type A pale, Type B

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29
Q

Describe type A dark spermatogonia

A

Ovoid nuclei with basophilic dark granular chromatin

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30
Q

Describe type A pale spermatogonia

A

Ovoid nuclei with lightly-staining fine granular chromatin, derived from from Ad cells

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31
Q

How are type B spermatogonia cells formed?

A

Type A pale undergo mitosis to differentiate into type B

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32
Q

Describe type B spermatogonia

A

Spherical nuclei with chromatin condensed into large clumps

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33
Q

Most mature spermatogonia

A

Type B

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34
Q

Phase in which spermatocytes undergo meiosis

A

Spermatocyte phase

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35
Q

Describe spermatocytes

A

Round nucleus

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36
Q

Derived from type B spermatogonia. Get arrested in prophase I of the 1st division of meiosis

A

Primary spermatocytes

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37
Q

Spermatocytes in meiosis II

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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38
Q

Haploids formed from meiotic divisions of secondary spermatocytes

A

Spermatids

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39
Q

Phase in which extensive cell remodeling occurs when spermatids differentiate into mature sperm

A

Spermatid phase

40
Q

Stages of spermatid remodeling

A

Golgi phase, cap phase, Acrosome phase, Maturation phase

41
Q

Describe the Golgi phase

A

Accumulation of numerous proacrosomal granules that start to become a larger acrosomal vesicle, centrioles migrate to the posterior pole to form the axoneme

42
Q

Central core of the sperm tail with 9 peripheral doublets

A

Axoneme

43
Q

Describe the Cap phase

A

Acrosomal vesicles spreads around the nucleus to form the acrosomal cap

44
Q

Describe the acrosome phase

A

Spermatid changes its orientation so that the head is embedded into the Sertoli call, developing flagellum is pointed towards the lumen

45
Q

How does the germ cell change during the acrosome phase?

A

Cell/nucleus becomes more elongated and nucleus flattens; nucleus and acrosomal cap migrate anteriorly; manchette is formed; neck region is formed; mitochondria migrate posteriorly to form the middle piece of the tail; manchette disappears

46
Q

Cytoplasmic microtubules that form a cylindrical sheath in the changing germ cell

A

Manchette

47
Q

Connects the nucleus to the flagellum

A

Neck region

48
Q

Describe the maturation stage

A

Excessive sytoplasm is removed to form residual bodies (consumed by Sertoli cells) cytoplasmic bridges b/t the spermatids are broken and individual spermatids are liberated from the system

49
Q

Parts of a sperm

A

head, neck, tail

50
Q

Lysosome-like organelle that contains enzymes secreted during fertilization in order to digest an opening in the zona pellucida of the ovum

A

Acrosome

51
Q

Short, narrow area where the centrioles are located

A

Neck region

52
Q

Contains axoneme and associated structures

A

Tail

53
Q

3 segments of the tail

A

Middle piece, prinicpal piece, end piece

54
Q

Describe the middle piece

A

Contains spiral mitochondria wrapped around the outer dense fibers that surround the axoneme

55
Q

Longest segment of the tail containing the axoneme covered with outer dense fibers

A

Principal piece

56
Q

Portion of the tail that is not covered with outer dense fibers

A

End piece

57
Q

Important factor that influences spermatogenesis

A

Testicular temperature is kept at 35degrees C due to the pampiniform plexus

58
Q

Where do sperm go after they are formed?

A

Straight tubules (tubuli recti)

59
Q

Cells of the rete testis

A

Ducts lined with simple cubodial epithelium

60
Q

3 External male genital ducts

A

Ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis, ductus vas deferens

61
Q

Cresent shaped organ that lies along the superior and posterior surface of the testis, prinicple site of sperm maturation

A

Epididymis

62
Q

Highly coiled tubules that connect rete testis to the ductus epididymidis

A

Ductuli efferentes

63
Q

Cells of the ductuli efferentes

A

Low, pseudostratified columnar epithilium with both cilitated and non-ciliated cells, gives a saw tooth appearance

64
Q

Composition of the ductus epididymidis

A

Highly coiled tube that contains smooth muscle and connective tissue with associated vessels in its walls

65
Q

Cells of the ductus epididymidis

A

Tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

66
Q

The continuation of the tail of the epididymis, straight tube that continues from the epididymus to the prostatic urethra

A

Ductus vas deferens

67
Q

Lines the mucosa of the vas deferens

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with deep longitudinal folds

68
Q

Layers of the ductuc vas deferens

A

Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

69
Q

Paired elongated tubular glands, that opens into the ampulla of the vas deferens

A

Seminal vesicles

70
Q

Parts of the seminal vesicle

A

Mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis, fibrous coat

71
Q

What are the cells of the seminal vesicle mucosa rich in?

A

Secretory granules

72
Q

What do the secretory granules of the seminal vesicle cells contain?

A

Spermatozoa-activating substances: carbohydrates(mostly fructose), prostaglandins, several proteins

73
Q

Largest accessory sex gland in the male

A

Prostate

74
Q

Surrounds the prostate

A

Fibrocollagenous connective tissue capsule that contains smooth muscle fibers

75
Q

Type of cells in the tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate

A

Low columnar/cuboidal pseudostratified epithelium

76
Q

Zones of prostatic gland

A

Transitional zone, peripheral zone

77
Q

Contains the mucosal layer of glands and is located near the prostatic urethra

A

Transitional zone

78
Q

Contains the main prostatic glands

A

Peripheral zone

79
Q

What does the stroma of the prostate consist of?

A

Fibroblasts, collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers

80
Q

Spherical concretions composed of what are often found in the lumen of the tubuloalveolar glands?

A

Corpora amylacea

81
Q

Secretions of the prostate

A

Acid phosphate, citric acid, fibrinolysis

82
Q

Decrease in testosterone does what to the prostate?

A

Maintain structural and functional integrity, maintain secretory activity

83
Q

Significant enlargement of the glands of the transitional zone

A

Begnign prostatic hyperplasia

84
Q

Where does prostate cancer almost always originate?

A

Peripheral zone

85
Q

Describe the bulbourethral glands

A

Compound tubuloalveolar glands that are mucus-secreting (for lubrication)

86
Q

2 dorsal cylinders of the penis

A

Corpora cavernosa

87
Q

Ventral cylinder of the penis

A

Corpus spongiosum

88
Q

Surrounds the cylinders and holds them together

A

Tunica albuginea

89
Q

Fill with blood during an erection

A

Vascular spaces

90
Q

Mucus secreting glands of the corpus spongiosum

A

Glands of Littre

91
Q

Unique aspect of the skin of the penis

A

Loose subcutis

92
Q

Overlap of the penile skin

A

Prepuce

93
Q

Where does the erectile tissue receive the majority of its blood?

A

Helicine arteries

94
Q

What happens in response to GnRH?

A

Gonadotropes produce LH that acts on the Leydig cells and FSH that acts on Sertoli cells

95
Q

What do Leydig cells produce

A

Testosterone

96
Q

What hormone do Sertoli cells produce?

A

Androgen-binding proteins and inhibin

Histology Sem 3 (7 decks)

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