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Histology Sem 3 > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Major function of testes

A

Produce male gametes or spermatozoa and androgens

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2
Q

Male excurrent ducts

A

Ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis, ductus vas deferens

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3
Q

Male accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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4
Q

Outer dense connective tissue of the testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

Inner layer of the testis capsule

A

Tunica vasculosa

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6
Q

Posterior surface of the tunica albuginea that thickens and projects inward

A

Mediastinum testis

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7
Q

Spaces between seminiferous tubules

A

Testicular interstitium

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8
Q

Steriod-producing endocrine cells located in the testicular interstitium

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

Cell structure of Leydig cells

A

Well-developed SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae, numerous lipid droplets, crystals of Reinke on electron microscope

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10
Q

Functions of Leydig Cells

A

Main source of testosterone

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11
Q

Cells of the seminiferous epithelium

A

Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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12
Q

Composition of the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules

A

Fibroblasts and collagen fibrils

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13
Q

Support cells of the seminiferous epithelium

A

Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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14
Q

Appearance of the Sertoli cells

A

Large, irregular, very light-staining euchromatic nucleus with well-expressed nucleolus

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15
Q

What is unique about the Sertoli cell junctions

A

Both tight and adherence junctions that can be disassembled and reassembled under certain factors

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16
Q

How do the Sertoli cells help germ cells?

A

Nourish, participate in cell movement and differentiation

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17
Q

Divisions that the Sertoli cells make

A

Basal and adluminal compartments

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18
Q

Barrier between blood and maturing sperm cells

A

Blood-testis barrier made by the Sertoli cells

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19
Q

What is the effect of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Immunologically privileged site, which limits/suppresses the immune response here

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20
Q

What do the Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Androgen-binding proteins and inhibin

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21
Q

Binds testosterone and is used to maintain the high testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules

A

Androgen-binding proteins

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22
Q

Secreted by Sertoli cells to inhibit FSH by the pituitary

A

Inhibin

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23
Q

What happens to residual bodies and dengerated germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells phagocytize them

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24
Q

Hormonal regulation of Sertoli cells

A

Testosterone produced by Leydig cells and FSH produced by pituitary glands

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25
Cells that replicate and differentiate into mature sperm
Spermatogenic cells (germ cells)
26
How are germ cells organized within the seminiferous epithelium?
Most immature stages are located closer to the tunica propria, more mature cells move into the adluminal compartment
27
Initial stage of development of the sperm
Spermatogonial phase
28
3 Types of spermatogonia cells
Type A dark, Type A pale, Type B
29
Describe type A dark spermatogonia
Ovoid nuclei with basophilic dark granular chromatin
30
Describe type A pale spermatogonia
Ovoid nuclei with lightly-staining fine granular chromatin, derived from from Ad cells
31
How are type B spermatogonia cells formed?
Type A pale undergo mitosis to differentiate into type B
32
Describe type B spermatogonia
Spherical nuclei with chromatin condensed into large clumps
33
Most mature spermatogonia
Type B
34
Phase in which spermatocytes undergo meiosis
Spermatocyte phase
35
Describe spermatocytes
Round nucleus
36
Derived from type B spermatogonia. Get arrested in prophase I of the 1st division of meiosis
Primary spermatocytes
37
Spermatocytes in meiosis II
Secondary spermatocytes
38
Haploids formed from meiotic divisions of secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
39
Phase in which extensive cell remodeling occurs when spermatids differentiate into mature sperm
Spermatid phase
40
Stages of spermatid remodeling
Golgi phase, cap phase, Acrosome phase, Maturation phase
41
Describe the Golgi phase
Accumulation of numerous proacrosomal granules that start to become a larger acrosomal vesicle, centrioles migrate to the posterior pole to form the axoneme
42
Central core of the sperm tail with 9 peripheral doublets
Axoneme
43
Describe the Cap phase
Acrosomal vesicles spreads around the nucleus to form the acrosomal cap
44
Describe the acrosome phase
Spermatid changes its orientation so that the head is embedded into the Sertoli call, developing flagellum is pointed towards the lumen
45
How does the germ cell change during the acrosome phase?
Cell/nucleus becomes more elongated and nucleus flattens; nucleus and acrosomal cap migrate anteriorly; manchette is formed; neck region is formed; mitochondria migrate posteriorly to form the middle piece of the tail; manchette disappears
46
Cytoplasmic microtubules that form a cylindrical sheath in the changing germ cell
Manchette
47
Connects the nucleus to the flagellum
Neck region
48
Describe the maturation stage
Excessive sytoplasm is removed to form residual bodies (consumed by Sertoli cells) cytoplasmic bridges b/t the spermatids are broken and individual spermatids are liberated from the system
49
Parts of a sperm
head, neck, tail
50
Lysosome-like organelle that contains enzymes secreted during fertilization in order to digest an opening in the zona pellucida of the ovum
Acrosome
51
Short, narrow area where the centrioles are located
Neck region
52
Contains axoneme and associated structures
Tail
53
3 segments of the tail
Middle piece, prinicpal piece, end piece
54
Describe the middle piece
Contains spiral mitochondria wrapped around the outer dense fibers that surround the axoneme
55
Longest segment of the tail containing the axoneme covered with outer dense fibers
Principal piece
56
Portion of the tail that is not covered with outer dense fibers
End piece
57
Important factor that influences spermatogenesis
Testicular temperature is kept at 35degrees C due to the pampiniform plexus
58
Where do sperm go after they are formed?
Straight tubules (tubuli recti)
59
Cells of the rete testis
Ducts lined with simple cubodial epithelium
60
3 External male genital ducts
Ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis, ductus vas deferens
61
Cresent shaped organ that lies along the superior and posterior surface of the testis, prinicple site of sperm maturation
Epididymis
62
Highly coiled tubules that connect rete testis to the ductus epididymidis
Ductuli efferentes
63
Cells of the ductuli efferentes
Low, pseudostratified columnar epithilium with both cilitated and non-ciliated cells, gives a saw tooth appearance
64
Composition of the ductus epididymidis
Highly coiled tube that contains smooth muscle and connective tissue with associated vessels in its walls
65
Cells of the ductus epididymidis
Tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
66
The continuation of the tail of the epididymis, straight tube that continues from the epididymus to the prostatic urethra
Ductus vas deferens
67
Lines the mucosa of the vas deferens
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with deep longitudinal folds
68
Layers of the ductuc vas deferens
Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
69
Paired elongated tubular glands, that opens into the ampulla of the vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
70
Parts of the seminal vesicle
Mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis, fibrous coat
71
What are the cells of the seminal vesicle mucosa rich in?
Secretory granules
72
What do the secretory granules of the seminal vesicle cells contain?
Spermatozoa-activating substances: carbohydrates(mostly fructose), prostaglandins, several proteins
73
Largest accessory sex gland in the male
Prostate
74
Surrounds the prostate
Fibrocollagenous connective tissue capsule that contains smooth muscle fibers
75
Type of cells in the tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate
Low columnar/cuboidal pseudostratified epithelium
76
Zones of prostatic gland
Transitional zone, peripheral zone
77
Contains the mucosal layer of glands and is located near the prostatic urethra
Transitional zone
78
Contains the main prostatic glands
Peripheral zone
79
What does the stroma of the prostate consist of?
Fibroblasts, collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers
80
Spherical concretions composed of what are often found in the lumen of the tubuloalveolar glands?
Corpora amylacea
81
Secretions of the prostate
Acid phosphate, citric acid, fibrinolysis
82
Decrease in testosterone does what to the prostate?
Maintain structural and functional integrity, maintain secretory activity
83
Significant enlargement of the glands of the transitional zone
Begnign prostatic hyperplasia
84
Where does prostate cancer almost always originate?
Peripheral zone
85
Describe the bulbourethral glands
Compound tubuloalveolar glands that are mucus-secreting (for lubrication)
86
2 dorsal cylinders of the penis
Corpora cavernosa
87
Ventral cylinder of the penis
Corpus spongiosum
88
Surrounds the cylinders and holds them together
Tunica albuginea
89
Fill with blood during an erection
Vascular spaces
90
Mucus secreting glands of the corpus spongiosum
Glands of Littre
91
Unique aspect of the skin of the penis
Loose subcutis
92
Overlap of the penile skin
Prepuce
93
Where does the erectile tissue receive the majority of its blood?
Helicine arteries
94
What happens in response to GnRH?
Gonadotropes produce LH that acts on the Leydig cells and FSH that acts on Sertoli cells
95
What do Leydig cells produce
Testosterone
96
What hormone do Sertoli cells produce?
Androgen-binding proteins and inhibin

Histology Sem 3 (7 decks)

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