Blood Flashcards
1
Q
4 elements of blood
A
RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
2
Q
Volume of blood which is composed of cells relative to the total volume
A
Hematocrit
3
Q
When hematocrit is low
A
<30% Anemia
4
Q
When hematocrit is high
A
> 60% Polycythemia
5
Q
Most common plasma protein
A
Albumin
6
Q
Types of globulins
A
Gamma (immuno), alpha and beta (non-immune)
7
Q
Inactive form of thrombin
A
Prothrombin
8
Q
Plasma protein that in a cascade of blood clotting reactions is transformed into fibrin
A
Fibrinogen
9
Q
Formed elements of human blood
A
Blood cells and platelets
10
Q
Fills erythrocytes
A
Hemoglobin
11
Q
Peripheral membrane protein that forms a meshwork of fibers on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
A
Spectrin
12
Q
Provides binding between spectrin filaments and integral membrane proteins
A
Ankyrin
13
Q
Mutation of spectrin
A
Hereditary spherocytosis
14
Q
Characterized by the presence of red blood cells of different size in the peripheral blood
A
Anisocytosis
15
Q
When RBCs are irregularly shaped
A
Poikilocytosis
16
Q
Parts of hemoglobin HbA
A
2 alpha and 2 beta
17
Q
Hemoglobin HbA2
A
2 alpha and 2 delta
18
Q
Hemoglobin HbF
A
2 alpha and 2 gamma
19
Q
What vitamin is necessary for incoporation of iron into the RBC?
A
B12
20
Q
Cause of sickle cell anemia
A
Point mutation in beta globin chain of hemoglobin A
21
Q
Universal blood recipients
A
AB
22
Q
When Rh+ of newborn reacts with Rh- mom resulting in IgG crossing the placenta
A
Erthroblastosis fetalis
23
Q
What do you give Rh (-) moms with Rh (+) babies?
A
RhoGAM
24
Q
Condition with more than 12,000 WBC per mm3
per mm3 is called what?
A
Leukocytosis
25
Condition with less than 5,000 WBC is called what?
Leukopenia
26
2 Major categories of WBCs
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
27
3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
28
Classic characteristic of granulocytes
nuclues divided into lobes, hence why they are names polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
29
2 major types of granules in granulocytes
Azurophilic and specific granules
30
Staining of asurophilic granules
purple
31
Staining of specific granules
dark blue (basophilic
granules), orange (eosinophilic granules), or do not stain at all (neutrophilic
granules)
32
Which WBCs can divide and which cannot?
Granulocytes are non-dividing, agranulocytes can divide
33
2 Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
34
Most common WBC in the peripheral blood
Neutrophil
35
Appearance of neutrophils
Fairly large cells with mulilobed nuclei (have Barr body in females that looks like a drumstick)
36
3 types of granules in neutrophils
Neutrophilic bactericidal proteins, asurophilic (lysosomes), tertiary (gelatinase and glycoproteins)
37
What diseases is neutropenia associated with?
autoimmune dieases and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
38
What is formed when endothelial cell cyotkines trigger neutrophils to adhere to the walls?
Marginating pool
39
After adhering to the endothelial wall, what happens to neutrophils?
Migrate into the tissue thru the endothelium of the postcapillary venules to become tissue neutrophils
40
What type of immunity are neutrophils associated with?
Cell-mediated immunity via phagocytosis of bacteria
41
What does the binding of chemotatic agents to the plasma membrane of a neutrophil cause?
The release of tertiary and neutrophilic granules
42
What interleukin do neutrophils produce and what does it do?
IL-1 induces fever
43
Morphology of eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus with numerous granules
44
Types of eosinophilic granules
Cytotoxins, neurotoxins, histaminase
45
Role of cytotoxins
Designed to destroy protozoan and helminthic parasites. (Includes major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil peroxidase)
46
Role of neurotoxin
Designed to cause dysfunction in the parasite's nervous system
47
When are eosinophils commonly found in the peripheral blood?
Parasitic infections and allergic reactions
48
Rarest WBC
Basophil
49
Morphology of basophils
Smallest granulocyte, lobed nucleus, basophilic granules with histamine and heparin
50
Major function of basophils
Produce histamines
51
When are basophils most commonly found in the peripheral blood?
Chronic granulocytic leukemia and chicken pox
52
Most common agranulocyte
Lymphocytes
53
3 main types of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells
54
Most common type of lymphocyte
T cell
55
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
56
How are T cells characterized?
T cell receptor and CD3
57
What do T cells produce?
Cytokines to direct and recruit other cells of the immune system
58
3 Types of T cells
T helpers, Regulatory T cells, Cytotoxic T Cells
59
Characteristics of T helper cells
CD4+, cytokines activate/stimulated B cell proliferation/differentiation, promotes cell mediated immunity, activates macrophages/T cells/mast cells
60
Characteristics of Regulatory T cells
CD4+, cytokines inhibit functions of other leukocytes, inhibit autoimmunity
61
Characteristics of Cytotoxic T cells
CD8+, activated by helper Ts, destroy cells carrying antigen (cell mediated immunity)
62
Cell responsible for transplant rejections
Cytotoxic T cells
63
Main function of B cells
Produce antobodies (Ig) aka humoral immunity
64
Characteristics of B cells
surface immunoglobin
65
Activation of B cells
1 exposure triggers primary immune response, small B cells go thru maturation and get programmed into large lymphocytes, divide into plasma cells to produce antibodies
66
Large lymphocytes programmed during their development to kill certain virus-infected calls and some types of tumor cells
Natural Killer cells
67
Blood cancer that involves undifferentiated precursor cells
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
68
Blood cancer that involves partially differetiated cells
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
69
Characteristics of monocytes
Large cells, kidney-shaped nucleus, cytoplams with many lysosomes and mitochondria
70
Anucleate particles that are abundant in human blood
Platelets
71
2 main parts of platelets
Peripheral zone (hyalomere) and Central zone (granulomere)
72
Components of hyalomere of platelets
Cytoskeletal elements
73
Components of granulomere of platelets
Lysosomes, alpha granules, dense granules
74
Contents of alpha granules
Adhesion proteins, clotting factors (vWF and fibrogen)
75
Contents of dense granules
Factors involved in platelet adhesion (serotonin and ADP)
76
What happens when collagen in exposed in a damaged blood vessel?
Platelets adhere to collagen
77
Released by platelets to promote adhesion and vasoconstriction
Thromboxane, serotonin, ADP
78
Causes the clot to contract
Actin and myosin filaments of the platelet cytoskeleton
79
Released by adhered platelets' alpha granules
Platelet thromboplastic factor (coagulation factor)
80
What is platelet thromboplastic factor's role?
Converts inactive prothrombin into thrombin
81
Role of fibrin
Forms a dense meshwork of fibers in the area where the blood vessel is damaged that acts as the skeleton for the clot
82
Provides a sticky surface for clot assembly
Platelets
83
Autoimmune disease that is caused by the deficiency pf platelets
Thrombocytopenia
84
Signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia
Larger and more active platelets formed, spontaneous hemorrhages (beneath skin and mucous membranes), Tx with steriods
85
Process of blood cell formation
Hemopoiesis
86
Origin of blood cells
Mesodermal and arise from mesenchyme
87
Precursor blood cell
Hemopoietic stem cell (aka pluripotential blood stem cell PPSC)
88
2 Major progenitor cells from HSC
Common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
89
What do common myeloid progenitors give rise to?
Megakeryocyte/Erythocyte progenitors (forms RBCs, magekaryocytes, and platelets) and Granulocyte/monocyte progenitors ((neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), mast
cells, and monocytes.
90
What do common lymphoid progenitors give rise to?
T/B cells and NKC
91
What stimulates hemopoiesis?
Colony-stimulating factors
92
produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. It
stimulates the formation of granulocytes
Granulocyte CSF aka filgrastim
93
produced by T-lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. It stimulates the production of granulocytes and macrophages
Granulocyte + macrophage CSF aka sargramostim
94
produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
It stimulates the formation of macrophages
Macrophage CSF
95
Produced by T cells to stimulate the production of all myeloid cells
Interleukin-3
96
Produced in the kidney cells to stimulate RBC production
Eryhtropoietin aka epoetin
97
Stimulates production and differentiation of megakaryocytes and increases platelet count.
Thrombopoietin (clinically used to improve clotting)
98
Produced by the stromal cells in the bone marrow and stimulates the production of platelets similar to TPO
IL-11 aka oprelvekin
99
4 major phases of prenatal hemopoeisis
Mesoblastic, hepatic, splenic, myeloid
100
Phase that begins during the 2nd week of development. When blood islands are formed from the yolk sack mesenchyme
Mesoblastic phase
101
Phase that begins during the 6th week of development. Nucleated erythrocytes are present during this stage and white blood cells start appearing by the 8th week
Hepatic phase
102
Phase that begins during the 12th week of development and continues along with the hepatic stage
Splenic phase
103
Phase that takes place in bone marrow, begins durign the 5th month and continues into postnatal stage
Myeloid phase
104
6 Stages of erythropoiesis
Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, Orthochromatophilic erythroblast, Reticulocyte, mature erythrocyte
105
Erythroblast phase with a deeply basophilic sytoplasm and hemoglobin form a distinctive lake
Basophilic erthroblast
106
Erythroblast phase that exhibits mitotic activity
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
107
Erythroblast phase with a smal, dense nucleus with a pinkish hempglobin
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast postmitotic cell
108
What does the presense of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood indicate?
Increased levels of RBC production in the bone marrow
109
5 stages of Granulopoiesis
Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte, Band form, mature neutrophil
110
Largest cell in the granulopoiesis lineage
Promyelocyte (contains azurophilic granules)
111
Stage of granulopoiesis that contains specific granules and exhibits activity
Myelocyte
112
Stage of granulopoiesis that does not exhibit mitotitic activity
Metamyelocyte
113
Stage of granulopoiesis that has a horse-shaped nucleus
Band form
114
Stages of monocytopoiesis
Monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte
115
Stages of thrombopoiesis
Megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte
116
Formed from the megakaryocyte
Platelet
