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Histology Sem 3 > Histo Pulm > Flashcards

Histo Pulm Flashcards

1
Q

Where is air filtered when entering the body?

A

Nasal Cavities

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2
Q

Parts of the air condution system

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

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3
Q

Responsible for the sense of smell

A

Olfactory mucosa

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4
Q

3 regions of nasal cavities

A

Vestibule, respiratory segment, Olfactory segment

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5
Q

Cell type of vestibule

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (continuous with the skin of the face)

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6
Q

Traps dust particle in the nasal cavity

A

Vibrissae

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7
Q

Function of the respiratory segment

A

Warm, moisten, filter inspired air

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8
Q

2 layers of the repiratory segment

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and lamina propria

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9
Q

5 cell types of ciliated seudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, small granule cells

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10
Q

Appearance of cilited cells

A

Tall columnar cells with motile cilia

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11
Q

Cells that synthesize and secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

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12
Q

Forms the muscociliary apparatus

A

Goblet + Ciliated cells

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13
Q

Replacement cells that can differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells

A

Basal cells (usually do not reach the surface)

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14
Q

Secretory cells that contain membrane-bound, dense-core granules at the base of the cell

A

Small granule cells

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15
Q

What respiratory cells are homologous to enteroendocrine cells?

A

Small granule cells

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16
Q

Contains extensive venous plexus near the inferior and medial nasal conchae to help warm up inspired air

A

Lamina propria

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17
Q

smooth portion of the respiratory system

A

Medial wall

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18
Q

Contains the turbinates of the respiratory segment

A

Lateral wall

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19
Q

Purpose of turbinates?

A

Increases surface area for warming and moistening of the incoming air. Also causes air turbulence for more efficient conditioning of the incoming air

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20
Q

How is the olfactory epithelium specialized?

A

Contains neurons and lacks goblet cells

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21
Q

Identifiers of olfactory cells

A

Nuclei are mostly within the middle of the epithelial layer

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22
Q

Bipolar neuron that spans the entire thickeness of the epithelium

A

Olfactory cell

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23
Q

Knob-like structure that the olfactory cell pole projects from

A

Olfactory vesicle

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24
Q

What is the apical surface of the olfactory dendrite covered in?

A

Immotile Cilia

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25
Q

What do the cilia of the olfactory cells contain?

A

Olfactory receptors

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26
Q

What forms the olfactory nerve?

A

Axons of the olfactory cells

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27
Q

Most numerous of the cell types in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Supporting or sustentacular cells

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28
Q

Appearance of sustenacular cells

A

Tall columnar cells with apical nuclei, apical surface covered in microvilli

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29
Q

Provides mechanical and metabolical support for the olfactory cells

A

Sustentacular cells

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30
Q

Progenitor cells that can differentiate into other types

A

Basal Cells

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31
Q

One of the very few neurons in the body that are replaced in postnatal development

A

Olfactory neurons

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32
Q

Contents of the lamina propria

A

Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands), unmyelinated axons, venous sinuses

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33
Q

Branched tubuloalveolar serous-secreting glands of the olfactory lamina propria

A

Bowman’s glands

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34
Q

Secretion of olfactory glands

A

Watery secretion

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35
Q

Lines the nasopharynx

A

Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

36
Q

Layers of the trachea

A

Mucosa, submucosa, tracheal cartilage, trachealis muscle, adventitia

37
Q

2 tissue types in tracheal mucosa

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) and lamina propria

38
Q

What does the respiratory epithelium rest on?

A

Thick basement membrane with a well-developed reticular lamina, composed primarily of collagen

39
Q

What part of the mucosa is well-developed in the trachea?

A

Elastic lamina propria

40
Q

What is the tracheal submucosa composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue and seromucous glands

41
Q

Separates the submucosa from the adventitia

A

Tracheal cartilages

42
Q

Connects the free ends of each C-shaped cartilage

A

Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle fiber), not continuous muscle, and only on the posterior of the trachea

43
Q

Most external layer of the trachea, binds the trachea to adjacent structures

A

Adventitia

44
Q

Characteristics of bronchi

A

Cartilagenous plates and contiuous layer of smooth muscle

45
Q

Parts of the walls of bronchi

A

Mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, discontinuous cartilagenous plates, adventitia

46
Q

Cells that form the bronchi mucosa

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells over lamina propria, identical to trachea

47
Q

Structure in bronchi lamina propria that can be used to differentiate bronchi from trachea

A

Bronchi-associated lymphatic tissue

48
Q

Smooth muscle of the bronchi

A

Muscularis

49
Q

What makes up the submucosa of the bronchi?

A

Loose connective tissue with glands and adipose tissue

50
Q

Hyaline cartilage covered with perichondruim forms this as it decends all the way to the minor bronchi

A

Discontiuous cartilagenous plates

51
Q

When does the bronchi turn into a bronchiole?

A

When the discontinuous cartilagenous plates disappear

52
Q

Moderately dense connective tissue that is adjacent with that of the pulmonary artery and lung parenchyma

A

Adventitia

53
Q

What is lacking in the walls of bronchioles?

A

Cartilage and glands

54
Q

Largest to smallest lung tubes

A

Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

55
Q

General cell type in the terminal bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

2 types of cells in terminal bronchioles

A

Cuboidal cells with cilia, club cells

57
Q

Cells in terminal bronchioles that assist in the transport of airway seretions up the bronchioles

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells

58
Q

Specialized secretory cells in the terminal bronchioles

A

Club cells

59
Q

Distinctive features of club cells

A

Well-developed RER/SER/Golgi apparatus, numerous secretory vesicles in the apical portion

60
Q

Amount of smooth muscle in the terminal bronachiole

A

Significant amount

61
Q

First brochioles to perform gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchioles

62
Q

Ratio of club cells to ciliated cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles

A

Large number of club cells

63
Q

Amount of smooth muscle in respiratory bronchioles

A

little

64
Q

At the end of the respiratory bronchiole

A

Alveolar duct

65
Q

Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

A

Alveolar sacs

66
Q

Major site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

67
Q

Separates each alveoli

A

Alveolar septa

68
Q

Make up the interstitium of the alveoli

A

Capillaries and connective tissue

69
Q

Characteristics of the alveolar capillaries

A

Riches capillary network in the body, are continuous capillaries, lined with very thin endothelium.

70
Q

2 main cell types in alveoli

A

Type I and Type II pneumocytes

71
Q

Alveolar cell that is flattened, squamous, forms 95% of surface cells, joined to one another via occluding junctions, basal lamina are fused with endothelial cells of the tight capillaries

A

Type 1 pneumocyte

72
Q

Makes up the air-blood barrier

A

Type I pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and fused basial laminae

73
Q

Alveolar cell that is round, large, secretory, capable of mitosis

A

Type II pneumocyte

74
Q

What granules do type II pneumocytes contain?

A

Multilamellar bodies, that contain surfactant

75
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

Creates a film to reuce the surface tension inside alveoi, thus preventing their collapse

76
Q

Which alveolar cell acts as a progenitor for the other?

A

Type II acts as a progenitor for type one

77
Q

When the level of surfactant in infants is not enough to prevent collapsing of the alveoli

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

78
Q

Connects neighboring alveoli

A

Alveolar pores

79
Q

Purpose of alveolar pores

A

Equalize air pressure and provide collateral air circulation if a bronchiole is obstructed

80
Q

Cells that ar epresent in spetal walls and alveolar spaces, collect particles like dust and pollen,

A

Alveolar macrophages

81
Q

MOA of TB

A

Alveolar macrophages cannot digest the mycobacterium tuberculosis, so it accumulates in the cell, causing damage to the cell, which releases the stored bacteria, furthering the infection

82
Q

Leading cause of mortality worldwide

A

Lung cancer

83
Q

2 most common types of malignant tumors found in the lung

A

Non-small cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma

84
Q

Most common cause of lung cancer

A

Non-small cell carcinoma

85
Q

Most aggressive and highly malignant lung cancer that is almost always found in smokers

A

Small-cell carcinoma

Histology Sem 3 (7 decks)

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