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COM - Repro > Male Repro Physio - 2/22 Lopez > Flashcards

Male Repro Physio - 2/22 Lopez Flashcards

1
Q

During childhood, is FSH or LH higher?

Adult reproductive period?

Senescence?

A

FSH > LH

LH > FSH

FSH > LH

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2
Q

During puberty, what is one of the earliest events?

A

Large nocturnal pulses of LH during REM

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3
Q

Pulsatile secretions of what stimulate secretion of testosterone and estradiol?

A

FSH and LH

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4
Q

What is a natural inhibitor of GnRH?

Secreted by what?

A

Melatonin

Pineal gland

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5
Q

Removal of pineal gland results in what?

When are melatonin levels highest and lowest?

A

Precocious puberty

Highest-childhood
Lowest-adult

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6
Q

2 main fx of testes?

A

Spermatogenesis

Secretion of testosterone

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7
Q

What is contained in the prostate gland secretion?

A

Citrate, calcium, and enzymes

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8
Q

What is the most mature germ cells?

Where are they located?

A

Spermatozoa

Near lumen of tubule

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9
Q

What is the most immature germ cells?

Located where?

A

Spermatogonia

Periphery of the lumen

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10
Q

What hormones do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone, DHT, androstenedione

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11
Q

What are the fxs of fetal Leydig cells?

A

Masculinizing the male Urogenital tract and inducing testis descent

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12
Q

What do adult Leydig cells derive from?

When do they become fully steroidogenic?

A

Undifferentiated precursors present after birth

At puberty

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13
Q

How can Leydig cells synthesize cholesterol or acquire it?

A

De novo synthesis

Acquire via circulation through LDL and HDL

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14
Q

How do Leydig cells store cholesterol?

How are is this stored cholesterol converted to free cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol esters

HSL

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15
Q

In Leydig cells, cholesterol is converted to what?

How is cholesterol transferred there?

A

Pregneolone

StAR

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16
Q

What enzymes do the testes lack?

What do they have?

Does what?

A

21 Beta-hydroxylase and 11 Beta-hydroxylase

17 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Converts androstenedione to testosterone

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17
Q

In the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, T is concentrated by binding to what?

A

ABP

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18
Q

In peripheral tissues T -> DHT via what enzyme?

A

5a-reductase

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19
Q

What is most of circulating testosterone bound to?

A

Albumin

SHBG

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20
Q

What is the source of estrogen in males?

In what fluid?

A

Sertoli cells

seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

T -> estradiol via what enzyme?

A

Aromatase

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22
Q

What do the Leydig cells make but more is made via peripheral conversion?

A

DHT

Estradiol-17Beta

23
Q

What stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone?

How?

A

LH

Increases affinity of desmolase enzyme for cholesterol
Stimulates synthesis of desmolase enzyme

24
Q

Where are androgen receptors found (AR)?

A

Prostate, testis (Sertoli, Leydig, myoid cells), epididymis, seminal vesicles

25
Q

Where in non-reproductive tissue can AR be found?

A 
Neurons in CNS
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid skin
Adrenal cortex
Liver 
Kidney tubules
Bladder
Cardiac and striated muscle
26
Q

Where are ARs in the female?

A

Ovary (interstitial and granulosa cells)
Mammary glands
Uterus

27
Q

Deficiency of 5a-reductase causes what?

A

Ambiguous external genitalia

28
Q

What are the specific actions of DHT?

A

Differentiation of external male genitalia
Male hair distribution and baldness
Sebaceous gland activity
Prostate growth

29
Q

The Leydig cell has what receptor?

What 2nd messenger does this activate?

A

LH

cAMP

30
Q

Sertoli cells are stimulated via what?

What 2nd messenger?

What does FSH stimulate Sertoli cells to do?

A

testosterone and FSH

Gs and cAMP

Secrete ABP into lumen of seminiferous tubules

31
Q

Testosterone is converted to estradiol-17B where?

Via what?

A

Sertoli cells

Aromatase

32
Q

How do estrogens impact the HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

33
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in what cells?

A

Sertoli cells, along the seminiferous tubules

34
Q

What are the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis?

A

Mitotic (spermatocytogenesis)
Meiosis (production of haploid gamete)
Spermiogenesis (maturation)

35
Q

Where does maturation of sperm end?

A

Testis w/release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells

36
Q

Where do sperm spend a month to mature and gain motility?

What else happens here?

A

Epididymis

Decapacitation (adding molecules to the membranes of sperm to prevent acrosomal reaction before contact with an egg)

37
Q

How do PGs aid in fertilization?

A

Make cervical mucus less thick

Cause backward, reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterus to move ejaculated sperm toward the ovaries

38
Q

Semen is composed of fluid from where?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Vas deferens
Bulbourethral gland

39
Q

The prostate secretes a milky fluid containing what?

A

Ca, citrate, phosphate ion
Profibrinolysin

It’s alkaline nature neutralizes the other acidic components

40
Q

What are the erectile bodies in the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

41
Q

Vasodilation of what arteries leads to erection?

A

Helicine arteries

42
Q

PS nerves act on helicine arteries to release what during erection?

What does this activate?

Causing what?

A

NO

Guanylyl cyclase

DEC intracellular Calcium and relaxation of vascular smooth m.

43
Q

Type 5 PDE inhibitors like Viagra work via what mechanism?

A

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase from cGMP -> GMP

44
Q

Emission is under what type of control?

A

Sympathetic adrenergic transmission

45
Q

Ejaculation is caused by rhythmic contraction of what muscles?

A

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus m.

46
Q

Capacitation occurs when the sperm come in contact with the fluids of the female tract, what changes occur?

A

Tubes wash away inhibitory factors
Loss of cholesterol makes sperm head weaker
Sperm membrane more permeable to Calcium; INC motility of sperm

47
Q

What enzymes are stored in the head of sperm and is important in the acrosomal reaction?

A

Hyaluronidase

Proteolytic enzymes

48
Q

Kallman’s syndrome is due to what?

Causes what?

Characterized by what?

A

GnRH neurons fail to migrate into the hypothalamus

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Delayed/absent puberty and impaired sense of smell

49
Q

Klinefelter syndrome genotype?

What is destroyed?

Result?

A

XXY

Seminiferous tubules

Infertility, primary hypogonadism

50
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome, describe the following:

T secretion
LH

A

Decreased
Increased

Primary hypogonadism

51
Q

Describe the following in Kallman’s syndrome:

GnRH secretion
T
LH

A

DEC
DEC
DEC or normal

Secondary hypogonadism

52
Q

How do you treat prostate cancer?

A

AR antagonist, radiotherapy, prostatectomy

53
Q

When are the gonads bipotential?

When do testes begin to develop?

Ovaries?

A

First 5 weeks

6-7

9

COM - Repro (15 decks)

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