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COM - Repro > Male Repro Physio - 2/22 Lopez > Flashcards

Male Repro Physio - 2/22 Lopez Flashcards

1
Q

During childhood, is FSH or LH higher?

Adult reproductive period?

Senescence?

A

FSH > LH

LH > FSH

FSH > LH

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2
Q

During puberty, what is one of the earliest events?

A

Large nocturnal pulses of LH during REM

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3
Q

Pulsatile secretions of what stimulate secretion of testosterone and estradiol?

A

FSH and LH

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4
Q

What is a natural inhibitor of GnRH?

Secreted by what?

A

Melatonin

Pineal gland

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5
Q

Removal of pineal gland results in what?

When are melatonin levels highest and lowest?

A

Precocious puberty

Highest-childhood
Lowest-adult

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6
Q

2 main fx of testes?

A

Spermatogenesis

Secretion of testosterone

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7
Q

What is contained in the prostate gland secretion?

A

Citrate, calcium, and enzymes

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8
Q

What is the most mature germ cells?

Where are they located?

A

Spermatozoa

Near lumen of tubule

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9
Q

What is the most immature germ cells?

Located where?

A

Spermatogonia

Periphery of the lumen

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10
Q

What hormones do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone, DHT, androstenedione

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11
Q

What are the fxs of fetal Leydig cells?

A

Masculinizing the male Urogenital tract and inducing testis descent

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12
Q

What do adult Leydig cells derive from?

When do they become fully steroidogenic?

A

Undifferentiated precursors present after birth

At puberty

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13
Q

How can Leydig cells synthesize cholesterol or acquire it?

A

De novo synthesis

Acquire via circulation through LDL and HDL

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14
Q

How do Leydig cells store cholesterol?

How are is this stored cholesterol converted to free cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol esters

HSL

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15
Q

In Leydig cells, cholesterol is converted to what?

How is cholesterol transferred there?

A

Pregneolone

StAR

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16
Q

What enzymes do the testes lack?

What do they have?

Does what?

A

21 Beta-hydroxylase and 11 Beta-hydroxylase

17 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Converts androstenedione to testosterone

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17
Q

In the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, T is concentrated by binding to what?

A

ABP

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18
Q

In peripheral tissues T -> DHT via what enzyme?

A

5a-reductase

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19
Q

What is most of circulating testosterone bound to?

A

Albumin

SHBG

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20
Q

What is the source of estrogen in males?

In what fluid?

A

Sertoli cells

seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

T -> estradiol via what enzyme?

A

Aromatase

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22
Q

What do the Leydig cells make but more is made via peripheral conversion?

A

DHT

Estradiol-17Beta

23
Q

What stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone?

How?

A

LH

Increases affinity of desmolase enzyme for cholesterol
Stimulates synthesis of desmolase enzyme

24
Q

Where are androgen receptors found (AR)?

A

Prostate, testis (Sertoli, Leydig, myoid cells), epididymis, seminal vesicles

25
Where in non-reproductive tissue can AR be found?
``` Neurons in CNS Anterior pituitary Thyroid skin Adrenal cortex Liver Kidney tubules Bladder Cardiac and striated muscle ```
26
Where are ARs in the female?
Ovary (interstitial and granulosa cells) Mammary glands Uterus
27
Deficiency of 5a-reductase causes what?
Ambiguous external genitalia
28
What are the specific actions of DHT?
Differentiation of external male genitalia Male hair distribution and baldness Sebaceous gland activity Prostate growth
29
The Leydig cell has what receptor? What 2nd messenger does this activate?
LH cAMP
30
Sertoli cells are stimulated via what? What 2nd messenger? What does FSH stimulate Sertoli cells to do?
testosterone and FSH Gs and cAMP Secrete ABP into lumen of seminiferous tubules
31
Testosterone is converted to estradiol-17B where? Via what?
Sertoli cells Aromatase
32
How do estrogens impact the HPG axis?
Negative feedback at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
33
Spermatogenesis occurs in what cells?
Sertoli cells, along the seminiferous tubules
34
What are the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis?
Mitotic (spermatocytogenesis) Meiosis (production of haploid gamete) Spermiogenesis (maturation)
35
Where does maturation of sperm end?
Testis w/release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells
36
Where do sperm spend a month to mature and gain motility? What else happens here?
Epididymis Decapacitation (adding molecules to the membranes of sperm to prevent acrosomal reaction before contact with an egg)
37
How do PGs aid in fertilization?
Make cervical mucus less thick | Cause backward, reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterus to move ejaculated sperm toward the ovaries
38
Semen is composed of fluid from where?
Seminal vesicles Prostate Vas deferens Bulbourethral gland
39
The prostate secretes a milky fluid containing what?
Ca, citrate, phosphate ion Profibrinolysin It's alkaline nature neutralizes the other acidic components
40
What are the erectile bodies in the penis?
2 corpora cavernosa | 1 corpus spongiosum
41
Vasodilation of what arteries leads to erection?
Helicine arteries
42
PS nerves act on helicine arteries to release what during erection? What does this activate? Causing what?
NO Guanylyl cyclase DEC intracellular Calcium and relaxation of vascular smooth m.
43
Type 5 PDE inhibitors like Viagra work via what mechanism?
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase from cGMP -> GMP
44
Emission is under what type of control?
Sympathetic adrenergic transmission
45
Ejaculation is caused by rhythmic contraction of what muscles?
Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus m.
46
Capacitation occurs when the sperm come in contact with the fluids of the female tract, what changes occur?
Tubes wash away inhibitory factors Loss of cholesterol makes sperm head weaker Sperm membrane more permeable to Calcium; INC motility of sperm
47
What enzymes are stored in the head of sperm and is important in the acrosomal reaction?
Hyaluronidase | Proteolytic enzymes
48
Kallman's syndrome is due to what? Causes what? Characterized by what?
GnRH neurons fail to migrate into the hypothalamus Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Delayed/absent puberty and impaired sense of smell
49
Klinefelter syndrome genotype? What is destroyed? Result?
XXY Seminiferous tubules Infertility, primary hypogonadism
50
Klinefelter's syndrome, describe the following: T secretion LH
Decreased Increased Primary hypogonadism
51
Describe the following in Kallman's syndrome: GnRH secretion T LH
DEC DEC DEC or normal Secondary hypogonadism
52
How do you treat prostate cancer?
AR antagonist, radiotherapy, prostatectomy
53
When are the gonads bipotential? When do testes begin to develop? Ovaries?
First 5 weeks 6-7 9

COM - Repro (15 decks)

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