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Bio regulatory systems 2 > Male and female reproductive systems > Flashcards

Male and female reproductive systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What part makes the sperm?

A

testicles

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2
Q

Where is the sperm stored and matured?

A

epididymis(behind testicle)

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3
Q

Which tube comes from the testes taking the sperm from the testes to the prostate?

A

Ductus (vas) deferens -surrounded by a spiral muscle that contracts to help the sperm along

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4
Q

Which 3 organs provide the seminal fluid?

A
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral glands
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5
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A
  • provide seminal fluid
  • secretes pre-ejaculate(sugary, aids lubrication, emitted prior to ejaculation)
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6
Q

What does the seminal fluid contain?

A
  • fructose(nutrients)
  • citric acid(nutrients)
  • bicarbonate(neutralise the acidic environment of the vagina)
  • fibrinogen(thickening agent)

-Fibrinolytic enzymes(help the sperm break through to go find the egg)

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7
Q

Describe the spermatic cord location?

A

-formed at the deep INGUINAL RING and passes down the inguinal canal down to the testes

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8
Q

What are the main structures of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus
  • autonomic and GF nerves
  • Lymph vessels
  • Vas deferens
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9
Q

Why are the testes outside the body rather than inside?

A

-keeps them 2-3 degrees lower temp than the body which allows sperm production

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10
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the penis?

A

2x corpora cavernosa

1x corpora spongiosium

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11
Q

What causes erection and ejaculation?

A

erection(point)-Parasympathetic stimulation

Ejaculation(shoot)-sympathetic stimulation

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the capsule of the testes?

A

Tunica VASCULOA-rich in blood supply

Tunica ALBUGINEA

Tunica VAGINALIS-covers the testes and the epididymis

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13
Q

Where in the testes is sperm made?

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

There are 1-4 of these in each of the 300 lobules in the testes The lobules are seperated bySEPTA

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14
Q

Where in the testes is sperm temporarily stored?

A

RETE TESTES->EPIDERMIS->VAS DEFERENS

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the epididymis?

A

Tail, head, body

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16
Q

What is cut for male sterilisation?

A

Vas deferens

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17
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

peritoneal cavity (remainder outside)

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18
Q

Where are egg released from and where do they go?

A

releases from the ovaries and caught by the fimbriae eggs then travel down the FALLOPIAN TUBE

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19
Q

describe 2 features of the fallopian tube?

A

CILLIA- which help to waft the egg towards the cental components

SPIRAL MUSCLES -help to move the egg

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20
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Widest part of the fallopian tube -AMPULLA

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21
Q

What happens if the cillia or muscles of the fallopian tube don’t work properly?

A

Fertilisation occurs further up in the fallopian tube resulting in ATOPIC PREGANANCY -embryo grows and ruptures the fallopian tube resulting in a HAEMORRAGE(very dangerous)

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22
Q

What is the uterus supported by?

A

tone of the pelvic floor muscles(levator ani and coccgeus) and 3 ligaments(broad, round, uterosacral)

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23
Q

What can cause uturine prolapse?

A

uterus descends into vagina

LOSS OF MUSCLE in the PELVIC FLOOR-can happen in elderly women

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24
Q

What is lining of the uterus?

A

ENDOMETRIUM- specialised inner layer of epithelial cellls MYOMETRIUM-muscle lining on the outside of the endometrium PERIMETRIUM-outer layer

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25
Q

What part of the uterus lining sheds during the luteal phase of menstration and why?

A

ENDOMETRIUM

progesterone levels drop= vasoconstriction of the arterioles in the endometrium= eskemia (causes the pain) =due to this and the necrosis this layer sheds once a month

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26
Q

What is 1cm lateral to the cervix?

A

ureter

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27
Q

What parts of the vagina are sterile and how is this maintained?

A

All areas superior to the cervix are sterile and below it(vagina ) is not maintained by :

  • the monthly shedding of the endometrial lining
  • thick cervical mucus that can block the entry of bacteria(thicker during luteal phase ). this is what the progesterone pill does this to stop sperm entering uterus
  • narrow
  • pH is less than 4.5 so is acidic
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28
Q

Why is the vagina acidic?

A

due to OESTROGEN = vaginal epithelium secrete GLYCOGENS

GLYCOGEN->ACID via vaginal bacteria

29
Q

What are the arterial blood supplies in the female reproductive tract?

A

Ovaries: Ovarian arteries(from the aorta)

Uterus/vagina:uterine arteries (From internal iliac a)

30
Q

Where does lymphatic drainage from the ovaries/testes and uterus/vagina go?

A

Ovaries/testes -para-aortic lymph nodes

Uterus/vagina-Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes

31
Q

describe briefly a smear test?

A

cells taken from the EXTERNAL OS(opening of uterine cervix
) and examined under a microscope to look for anything abnormal that signifies cancer

32
Q

What are the gonads in male and female?

A

Male-teste

s Female-ovaries

33
Q

What are the 2 functions of the gonads?

A
  • Gametogenesis
  • Reproductive hormone production
34
Q

Describe gametogenesis in men ?

A
  • you have 6million germ cells(spermatogonia)
  • gametogenesis begins at puberty
  • spermatogonia undergo differentiation and self renewal
  • due to self renewal there is always a pool of germ cells so men are always fertile
35
Q

How much mature sperm do men produce per second?

A

1500

36
Q

Describe gametogenesis in women?

A
  • females start with 6million germ cells(oogonia) per ovary
  • Oogonias form primary oocytes (primordial follicles)in the ovarian follicles
  • Primardial follicles begin meiosis and get halted in the prophase
  • some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia)
  • at birth there is only about 2 million
  • By puberty there may only be 0.5million per ovary due to further atresia
  • therefore there is a limited germ cell supply in women which is why they have a menopause
37
Q

describe spermatogenesis?

A

1-start with spermatogonia(diploid-2n)

2-spermatogonia undergo mitosis forming the primary spermatocytes (diploid 2n)

3-1st meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes(haploid-n)

4-2nd meitotic division to form SPERMATIDS(haploid-n)

5-Differentiation-to form SPERMATOZOA(mature sperm-haploid)

38
Q

Describe where gametogenesis occurs in the testes

A

spermatogonia start on the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules and as it matures it gets closer to the inner central part

39
Q

What is the tunica propria?

A

basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules where there are lots of compact cells

40
Q

What are the 2 cells of the seminiferous tubule?

A

SERTOLI cells- within the tubules

LEYDIG cells -ouside the seminiferous tubules

41
Q

What 3 reproductive hormones are formed in the testes?

A

ANDROGENS (testeosterone, dihydrotestoterone, androstenedione)

INHIBIN- acts on th epititary to inhibit FSH secretion

OESTROGEN- aromatase converts testosterone to oestrogen

42
Q

What does oestrogen do in men?

A
  • Maintains bone mineral density
  • helps EPIFISEAL PLATE FUSION (growth plates) to stop you being very tall
43
Q

What does the sertoli cell do?

A

Has FSH receptors

SUPPORTS DEVELOPING GERM CELLS:

  • assists the movement of the germ cells to the tubular lumen(centre of seminiferous tubules)
  • transfer nutrients from the capillaries to developing germ cells
  • Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells

HORMONE SYNTHESIS:

  • Inhibin and activin(-ve and +Ve on FSH)
  • secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone(stops a male feutus developing female reproductive system)
  • Androgen binding Protein(important in transferring testosterone to sperm machinary of the seminiferous tubules)
44
Q

What are the functions of the Leydig cells

A
  • pale cytoplasm because they are CHOLESTROL RICH
  • Have LH receptors

Function-Hormone synthesis:

-when stimulated by LH from the pituitary, ANDROGENS such as testosterone are secreted which can be aromitised to oestrogens

45
Q

Describe Oogenesis?

A

1-Oogonia (diploid -2n)

2-In the 2nd trimester of pregnancy in the embryo ALL the oogonia -> primary oocytes via MITOSIS(forming primordial follicules) meaning there are no germ cells left, and then they are halted in Prophase

3- At MENARCHE(starting of the menstrual cycle) some of these primary oocytes -> secondary oocytes(haploid-n) via MEISIS I and here they emit a POLAR BODY(due to uneven seperation of the primary oocytes- eventually degenerates to leave one good secondary oocytes)

4- secondary oocytes are released by the ovary and when the sperm fuses with them they under second MEIOTIC division into OOTIDS and then DIFFERENTIATE into OVA (egg)

46
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

With men there is a continous supply of germ cells due to the, being able to self renew, whereas supply is limited in women

47
Q

What is folliculogenesis? Describe?

A

-development of the ovarian follicle

1-PRIMARDIAL FOLLICLE -contains the primary oocyte at birth

2-This becomes the PRIMARY FOLLICLE as it get surrounded by GRANULOSA CELLS AND THECA CELLS

3- These then mature to form SECONDARY FOLLICLES-fluid filled cavity (antrum) develops as well as FSH and LH receptors

4-MATURE FOLLICLE-forms halfway through the menstrual cycle and forms the secondary oocyteS

5-RUPTURED FOLLICLE-due to secondary follicle rupturing out of mature follicle

6- This degenerates into the CORPUS LUTEUM-where progesterone comes from which promotes pregnancy

48
Q

What percentage of cycles in a woman are ovulatory?

A

80-90%

49
Q

How can you tell if a patient has ovualated-testing if a women had reduced fertility?

A
  • measure day 21 progesterone
  • this should have risen if a corpus luteum has formed
  • ultrasound-you cans see the corpus luteum
50
Q

Describe the mature follicle?

A

Ovum(egg) in the middle surrounded by granulosa and theca cells

51
Q

What reproductive hormones do the ovaries make?

What reproductive hromones do testes make?

A

Ovaries:

  • OESTROGENS(oestradiol, oesrone, oestriol)
  • PROGESTERONE
  • ANDROGENS(testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA)
  • RELAXIN(relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments in preparation for child birth)
  • INHIBIN-negative on FSH

Testes:

  • Androgen(testerone, dihydrotesterone, androstenedione
  • Inhibin
  • Oestrogen(from testosterone)
52
Q

What do the theca cells do?

A

-on the outer part of the ovarian follicles

Support foliculogenesis-structural and nutritional support of growing follicle

LH stimulates the synthesis of androgens

53
Q

What does overactivity of the theca cells led too ?

A

High androgen levels his leads to PSOS in women

54
Q

What are the 3 signs of PSOS?

A
  • polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound
  • clinical signs of high androgens e.g.acne
  • impaired menstrual cycles(amenorrhea)
55
Q

What is the function of the Granulosa cells?

A

assosiated with the inner part of the ovarian follicules

Hormone synthesis:

-FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens (by aromatase)

-secrete inhibin and activin (these effect FSH)

After ovulation granulosa cells turn into GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS that produce:

  • Progesterone(-ve feedback on FSH and maintain endometrium in case of pregnancy)
  • Relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens the pelvic ligaments/cervix)
56
Q

What is the initial precursor for steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

57
Q

Draw the hypothalamic pituitary gland axis?

A
58
Q

Describe Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal axis?

A

1-KISSPEPTIN neurones in the hypothalamus secrete KISSPETIN

2- this acts on kisspeptin receptors on GnRH neurones in the HYPOTHALAMUS

3-These neurones secrete GnRH which passes into local blood supply called HYPOPHYSEAL-PORTAL CIRCULATION in a pulsitile manner

4- goes from local circulation to GP(gonadotrophs) cells which make LH and FSH in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY gland

5-LH and FSH released into systemic circulation (goes round the whole body)

6- these hormones pass to the gonads to make predominantly testosterone and oestrogen (also makes some progesterone/activin/inhibin)

7- testosterone and oestrogen negatively/positively feedback (mostly negatively)directly onto the pituitary or onto the kisspeptin neurons

59
Q

How would you describe the release of testosterone and oestrogen?

A

DIERNAL - higher levels in the morning and decreases towards the evening

This explains why men can often wake up with a boner

60
Q

What is Hyperprolactinaemia?

A

disease caused by HIGH PROLACTIN levels causes the reproductive axis to shut down =amenorrhea

61
Q

Describe how Hyperprolatinaemia happens?

A

1-Prolactin binds receptors on the kisspeptin neurones in hypothalamus

2-inhibits kisspeptin release

3-Decreases in downstream GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest

4-Oligo-amenorrhea/low libido/inferility/oesteoporosis

62
Q

What happens on day one of the menstrual cycle?

A

1st day of bleeding- due to progesterone levels dropping

63
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Ovarian cycle?

A

Day 1-13: FOLLICULAR PHASE-follicle formation

Day 14:OVULATION

Day 15-28:LUTEAL PHASE-corpus Leuteum forms preparing for potential pregnanacy

64
Q

What is oligomenorrhoea?

A

When periods are more than 35 days apart

65
Q

What happens to hormone level during the menstrual cycle?

A

-As the LH and FSH increase and follicle gets bigger you get more Oestrogen and once this reaches a high level the feedback becomes positive which results in the LS surge at day 14

LH surge-this help final stages of follicle maturation

  • At day 15 follicle forms the corpus luteum which produces progesterone, progesterone rises which helps the endometriem be secretry for possible implantation
  • Corpus Luteum dies if there is no pregnancy and therefore progesterone decrease and the cycle starts again
66
Q

What is the Uterine cycle?

A

MENSTRUAL PHASE-shedding phase

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE-oestrogen driven phase

SECRETORY PHASE-preparation for pregnancy

67
Q

What happens to body temperature the day after ovulation?

A

temperature increase by at least 0.5 degrees due to increase in progesterone

68
Q

What is the arterial blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the testes?

A

Arterial-testicular arteries from the AORTA via the spermatic cord

Lymphatic drainage-PARA-AORTIC lymph nodes

Bio regulatory systems 2 (15 decks)

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