Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio regulatory systems 2 > Injury and Healing > Flashcards

Injury and Healing Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can lead to bone fracture?

A

TRAUMA-Low energy and high energy

STRESS-abnormal stresses on normal bone

PATHOLOGICAL-Normal stresses on abnormal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What fracture patterns do you check?

A

SOFT TISSUE INTEGRITY- open or closed fracture

BONY FRAGMENTS: -Greenstick(happens in soft bone in young children) -Simple -Comminuted(fragmented into many pieces)

DISLPLACEMENT: -Has bone been displaced or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meany by high energy and low energy trauma?

A

In a healthy young person only a high energy trauma e.g car crash is likely to cause a fracture

But in an elderly person simply falling over

-low energy trauma- is likely to cause a fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe a fracture caused by stress?

A

Overuse= stress exerted in bone that is greater than bones capacity

to remodel=bone weakening=stress fracture=risk of complete fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is at risk of a stress fracture?

A

-Military people -athletes -female athlete triad activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is female athlete triad?

A

Due to lots of energy burned in female athletes can lead to UNDEREATING=AMENORRHEA=OSTEOPORPSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between osteoporotic bone and normal bone?

A

Bigger holes in osteoporotic bone=more prone to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are pathological fracture?

A

When there are normal stresses on abnormal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are reasons for pathological fractures?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Malignancy
  • Vit D Defficiency
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Pagets disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of patients are more prone to a vitamin D defficiency?

A

people with lighter skin absorb vit D from the sun more readily than people with darker skin

people who have moved from countries from lots of sunlight to not a lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

The stage before osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can cause you to develop osteoporosis?

A

If osteoclast activity is more than osteoblast activity=disrupts microarchitechture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who is more at risk of osteoporrosis?

A

More common in females (4:1)

POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS(age 50-70)-when periods stop due to hormone imbalances

SENILE OSTEOPOROSIS-OVER 70’S SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS(any age, 60% males)- as a result of a primary problem e.g. hypergonadism, Glucocoticoid excess, alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of fractures are assosiated with osteoporosis?

A

FRAGILITY FRACTURES-hip, pelvic, spine(where it becomes curved and you get shorter), wrist caused by LOW ENERGY TRAUMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is T-Score?

A

score telling you how much your bone density is higher or lower than the bone density of a healthy 3-0 year old adult?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the T-Score for normal bone, osteopenia and osteoporosis?

A

Normal: greater than -1

Osteopenia: -1 to -2.5

Osteoporosis: -2.5 or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 5 Primary malignant cancers/tumours that can metastasise to bone?

A

Prostate (blastic)

Breast(blastic and lytic)

Kidney (lytic)

Thyroid(lytic)

Lung(lytic)

18
Q

What is meant by a -blastic and -lytic cancer?

A

Blastic-bone building

Lytic-Thinning and breaking down of the bone

19
Q

What are the 4 primary bone cancers?

A

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewing sarcoma

Chordoma

20
Q

In an x-ray what would you see in a lytic lesion?

A

Lucnecy- a patch where there is not as much bone density

21
Q

What does a vitamin D defficiency lead to?

A

Child(before physis closure): Rickets-this is bowing of the legs, lots of stress put on growing bones as the bones don’t mineralise

Adults(after physis closure): Osteomalacia-bones are already gorwn so don’t get a deformity like in children, but they’ll get fracture in soft bone, pain, thin bones

22
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? What are the effects?

A

BRITTLE BONE DISEASE -Hereditary condition (autosomal dominent or recessive)

Caused by a decrease in TYPE 1 COLLAGEN due to:

  • decreased secretion
  • production of abnormal collagen

Results in INSUFFICIENT OSTEOID PRODUCTION( unmineralized organic component of bone) Effects:

  • bones(can cause small children and fractured bones)
  • gearing
  • heart
  • sight (blue scleary in eyes)
  • low life expectancy in kids
23
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Occurs in older patients(60+) -activity of the osteoblast and osteoclasts is disturbed =excessive bone break down and disorganised remodelling of the bone (when microfractures occur)=deformity,pain, fracture or arthritis

24
Q

What can develop from Paget’s disease

A

It can transform into a malignant disease via 4 stages:

1-Osteoclastic activity

2-Mixed Osteoclastic-osteblastic activity’

3-Osteoblastic activity

4-Malignant degeneration

25
Q

If a south asian boy who is 6 moves to Glasgow and is complaining about aches and pains ans his growth seems to have plateaued what test would you order? What is the diagnosis likely to be?

A

Vitamin D level Rickets

26
Q

Describe fracture healing?

A

Week 1:

-HAEMATOMA forms(bleeding outside blod vessels)

-Rupture of blood vessels

  • release of cytokines
  • Granulation of tissue

Week 2-4:

  • Ruptures blood vessels=INFLAMMATION=recruits cells such as fibroblasts that secrete collagen
  • SOFT CALLUS FORMATION(Type II Collagen-Cartilage)
  • CONVERTED TO HARD CALLUS(Type I Collagen-Bone)

Months 1-4:

-Callus responds to activity, external forces, functional demands and growth, bone is built by osteoblasts and some bits of bone are removed by osteoclasts

Months 4-12:

-Consolidated fracture

27
Q

What are the 2 different ways that bone healing can occur?

A

PRIMARY BONE HEALING:

-You can put a plate and screws on =brings bones in fracture together allowing bone cells to lay down bone between the fracture=INTRAMEMBRANOUS HEALING -absolute stability

SECONDARY BONE HEALING:

-No plate and fracture is still apart

ENDOCHONDRAL HEALING -Involves responses in the Periosteum and external soft tissues

-Relative stability

28
Q

How long does it take for fracture to heal?

A

3-12 weeks depending on the site:

Phalanges:3

Metacarpals:4-6

Distal Radius:4-6

Forearm:8-10

Femur:12

Tibia:10

Closer to the heart =quicker healing as better blood suppy

29
Q

What are the 3 parts of fracture management?

A

Reduce

Hold (Fixation)

Rehabilitation

30
Q

Describe reduction part of fracture management?

A

CLOSE- close the fraction by manipulation or traction(pull on skin or pins in the bone)

OPEN-if you cant just close the bone then you can cut the skin open then put the bone back by making a big incision or mini-incision

31
Q

Describe the fixation part of fracture management?

A

INTERNAL:

  • put METAL INSIDE the skin
  • INTRAMEDULLARY=putting the metal into the CANAL of the bone using pins and nails
  • EXTRAMEDULLARY=putting metal on the SURFACE of the bone with plate/screws and pins

EXTERNAL:

  • put METAL OUTSIDE the skin
  • MONOPLANAR FIXATOR
  • MULTIPLANAR FIXATOR
32
Q

Describe the hold part of fracture management?

A

FIXATION-Hold the bones together via metal

CLOSED- can hold with a PLASTER or via TRACTION(skin or pins in the bone)

33
Q

Describe the rehabilition part of fracture management

A

You get the person to:

-USE -MOVE -STRENGTHEN -WEIGHT BEAR on the healing fracture

34
Q

What should be considered if the fracture is displaced?

A

How you are going to move it back to where it should be?

If you move it back will it stay in place or not?

If it is not staying in place you may need metal, and therefore need to decide where to put this?

35
Q

If a fracture is displaced what can happen to tendons?

A

TENDINOSIS- abnormal thickening of the tendon

TENDINITIS- Inflammation RUPTURE-break

36
Q

What are the different tendon/Ligament injury classifications?

A

Grade 1- Slight incomplete tear-no notable joint instability

Grade II-Moderate/severe incomplete tear-some joint instability. One ligament may be completely torn

Grade III-complete tearing of 1 or more ligaments-obvious instability, sugury usually required

37
Q

What are the phases of ligament/tendon healing?

A

Inflammatory Phase: -Days 1-7 -Pathology-fibrin clot formed in ligament tears -Treatment-rice, start ROM exercises after 48 hours

PROLIFERATION PHASE: -Days 7-21 -Pathology-tendons and ligaments are at their weakest, tissue building begins and tensile strength builds -Treatment-full ROM and WB exercises

REMODELLING: -14+days -Pathology-tendons and ligaments heal with scar tissue that reduces ultimate strength and causes adhesion

MATURATION: -weeks to years -Pathology-max strength reached within a year

38
Q

What are the factors that affect tissue healing?

A

Mechanical environment: -Movement -Forces Biological environment: -Blood supply -Immune function -Infection Nutrition

39
Q

What are the pros and cons of stitching something back (immobilisation of injured ligament tissue)?

A

Pro: -Less ligament lengthening

Con:

  • Less overall strength of ligament repair scar
  • Protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis=reduces collagen quantity
  • production of inferior tissue by blast cells
  • Reabsorption of bone at site of ligament insertion
  • Build tissue tensile strength(50% in 6-9 weeks)
40
Q

What is the benefits of mobilisation on injured ligamentous tissue?

A
  • Wider ligament scars, stronger and more elastic
  • better alignment
  • Better quality of collagen

Bio regulatory systems 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions