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Bio regulatory systems 2 > Endocrinology of pregnancy > Flashcards

Endocrinology of pregnancy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How far does the sperm have to travel?

A

100000 times its length from the testes to the fallopian tube

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2
Q

What is the semen made up of?

A

-SPERMATOZOA (15-120 million/ml) -SEMINAL FLUID (2-5ml) -LEUKOCYTES- white blood cells to fight infection -VIRUSES e.g HIV

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3
Q

What percentage of spermatozoa from the ejaculate enter the cervix? What percentage of spermatozoa that enter the cervix enter the ovum?

A

1% of spermatozoa enter cervix

0.01% of those in the cervix enter the ovum

Overall 1 million reach the ovum

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4
Q

What are the parts of the sperm that helps it break through the ovum?

A

ACROSOME-contains enzymes used to break through to the ovum

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sperm that help it move?

A

CIRCUMFERENTIAL FIBRES

AXIAL FILAMENT

END PIECE

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6
Q

What is Capacitation of the sperm?

A

Process by which the sperm achieves the ability to fertilise-can only occur in the female reproductive tract

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7
Q

What happens during the capacitation of sperm?

A
  • Loss of glycoprotein coat
  • changes in the surface membrane characteristics
  • Develop a whiplash movement of the tail
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8
Q

Where does capacitation of the sperm take place?

A

In the ionic and proteolytic environment of the FALLOPIAN TUBE As its dependent on the oestrogen and calcium signalling

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9
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

1-When the sperm gets to the egg in the ampulla the sperm binds to the ZP3 receptor on the outside of the egg

  • Ca 2+ influx into the sperm (stimulated by progesterone) - acrosome releases HYALURONIDASE and PROTEOLYTIC enzymes
  • This allows the sperm to then penetrate the ZONA PELLUCIDA and then enter the egg
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10
Q

What reaction is triggered when the egg is fertilised in the fallopian tube?

A

CORTICAL REACTION:

  • cortical granules release molecules which degrade the zona pellucida and therefore the ZP3 receptors
  • therefore this stops more sperm entering as it has no receptors to bond to -also triggers the final step of maturation of the secondary oocyte to form the ovum
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11
Q

What happens before the zygote is implanted into the uterus (development of Conceptus)?

A
  • continues to divide to BLASTOCYST as it moves down the fallopian tube towards the uterus
  • Recieves nutrients from uterine secretions -This phase lasts for 9-10 days
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12
Q

What are the phases of implantation into the uterus?

A

ATTATCHMENT PHASE-outer trophoblast cells of blastocyst contact uterine surface epithelium

DESIDUALISATION PHASE- changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue (driven by progesterone (from corpus luteum)in the presence of oestrogen)

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13
Q

What factors are important in the attachment phase?

A

LEUKAEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF)- from the endometrial cells stimulates adhesion of the blastocyst to endometrial cells (attatchment)

INTERLEUKIN11(IL11)- also from the endometrial cells is released into the uterine fluid and cause disidualisation

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14
Q

what do we mean by endometrial changes?

A

changes in the inner lining of the uterus which is called the endometrium

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15
Q

What happens during the Decidualisation phase?

A
  • Glandular epithelium secretion
  • Glycogen accumulation in the stromal cell cytoplasm
  • Growth of capillaries
  • increased vascular permeability (leads to oedema-excess of watery fluid)
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16
Q

What factors are involved in Decidualisation?

A

Inerleukin-11, histamine, certain prostaglandins & TGfb

17
Q

What happens to hCG levels during pregnancy and what are there effects?

A

hCG(from the placenta)- if the PLACENTA forms it produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum for longer as it binds to the LH receptors on the corpus Luteum. Therefore more progesterone for longer as progesterone is released form the corpus Luteum

-hCG goes up in 40 days and then after this decreases as the placenta takes over to produce the hormones

18
Q

What happens to human placental lactogen levels during pregnancy and what are there effects?

A
  • involved in altering female metabolism e.g causes some insulin resistance so there is more glucose for the baby
  • levels increase slowly over the 40 weeks
19
Q

What happens to oestrogens (mainly oestriol) and progesterone levels during pregnancy and what are there effects?

A

Continues to increase thoughout the pregnancy

20
Q

Where is progesterone and Oestrogen made during pregnancy and what does it do?

A

Corpus Luteum -in the first 40 days (stimulated by hCG which acts on LH receptor) -essential for developing fetoplacental unit -inhibits maternal LH and FSH

-From day 40 placenta takes over in producing these hormones

21
Q

What cells produce hCG ?

A

trophoblasts in the corpus luteum

22
Q

What is the main substrate that allows the placenta to produce progesterone and oestrogen production?

A

DHEAS (androgen)produced fro m the adrenals by mother or feutus which is used to make the hormones

23
Q

What are the changes in the hormones during pregnancy?

A

Increase:

  • ACTH(leads to higher cortisol levels)
  • Adrenal steroids
  • Prolactin
  • IGF(stimulated by placental GH varient)
  • Iodothryronines
  • PTH related peptides

Decrease:

  • Goandotrophs
  • Pituitary GH
  • TSH
24
Q

During pregnancy how can you monitor a prolactinoma?

A

cant measure prolactin levels as this increase naturally during pregancy so test visual fields as it can press against optic nerves causing bitemporal hemeianopia

25
Q

How do high prolactin levels effect menstrual cycles?

A

stops you having them as prolactin binds to kisspeptin neurones and causes shutdown of the axis

26
Q

What is parturition?

A

Labour

27
Q

Where does oxytocin come from?

A

Posterior pituitary

28
Q

What happens during parturition?

A

-Increase in oxytocin receptor number on the myometrial and endometrial cells

29
Q

What is oxytocin important for during parturition?

A
  • Uterine contraction
  • Cervical dialation
  • Milk ejection
30
Q

Describe the endocrine control of Lactation?

A

1-Mechanical stimulation of nipple and surrounding area activates the afferent pathways

2-Afferent signals integrated in the hypothalamus and stimulate oxytocin-releasing neurone activity and inhibit dopamine release from dopaminergic neurones

3- Less dopamine= less inhibition of anterior pituitary lactotrophs -Action potentials travel down oxytocin neurones and oxytocin is secreted into the bloodstream

4-Increased plasma oxytocin increase milk ejection from the mammary glands -increased prolactin increases milk secretion in the mammary glands

Bio regulatory systems 2 (15 decks)

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