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Bio regulatory systems 2 > Intro to bone and soft tissue > Flashcards

Intro to bone and soft tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the Musculoskeletal System consist of ?

A

Bone-Joint

Muscle-Skeletal (give posture,movement)

Connective Tissue-Tendons(muscle to bone), Ligaments(bone to bone), Cartilage(structural support, protect tissues, Cartilage)

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2
Q

How many bones are their in the skeleton?

A

206

270 in children

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3
Q

What are the 3 planes?

A

CORONAL-front on view

SAGITAL(median)-side on view

TRANSVERSE(axial)-Looking from the feet upwards

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4
Q

What is the vocabulary to describe the direction of movement ?

A

Inferior(caudal)-bottom

Superior(rostral)-topp

Medial-towards the body

Lateral-away from the body

Anterior (ventral)-front

Posterior(dorsal)-back

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5
Q

What are the classifications of bones?

A

Flat bones (frontal bone)

Short bones(carpals)

Sesamoid bones(knee)

Sutured bones (skull sultures)

Irregular bones(vertebrae)

Long bone(femur)

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6
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Movement

Support

Protection of the vital organs

Storage of calcium

Haemopoesis

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7
Q

What are the 4 different bones cells?

A

Osteogenic cell-bone stem cell

Osteoblast:

  • bone forming
  • secretes OSTEOID-catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

Osteocyte:

  • Mature bone
  • formed when osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions -sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

Osteoclast:

  • Bone breaking
  • dissolve and reabsorb bone by phagocytosis
  • Derived from bone marrow
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8
Q

Where are bone cells found?

A

Osteocytes-embedded in bone matrix

Osteoclasts -bone surfaces and at sites of old injured or unneeded bone

Osteogenic cells-Deep Layers of Periosteum

Osteoblasts-growing portions of the bone, including periosteum and endosteum

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9
Q

What is the organisation of cortical/compact bone?

A

outer dense surface of bone

OSTEONS- have LAMELLAE which are concentric around a central HAVERSIAN CANAL

This canal contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics-which gives the bone cells food

LACUNAE-small spaces containing Osteocytes

VOLKMANS CANAL -transverse perforating canals

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10
Q

What is the structure and makeup of the bone matrix?

A

40% Organic compound-90% of this is type 1 COLLAGEN and 10% is ground substance(proteoglycans, glycoproteins, cytokine and growth factors)

60% is INORGANIC component- calcium hydroxyapatite or Osteocalcium phosphate

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11
Q

What are the different bone types?

A

Immature(WOVEN): -First bone produced -Laid down in a woven manner -relatively weak -mineralised and replaced by mature bone

Mature bone(LAMELLAR): -mineralised woven bone -LAMELLAR (layer) stucture-relatively strong

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12
Q

What 2 layers is the mature bone made up of?

A

CORTICAL: -compact -dense -suitable for weight bearing -outer layer

CANCELLOUS: -spongy-honeycomb strucure (TRABECULAE)-Not suitable for weight bearing -Inner structure

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13
Q

Why do we have cancellous bone?

A

Its to heavy if we were just made out of cortical bone

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14
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

Has TRABECULAE- matrix of tissue that gives it a spongy appearence

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15
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Fibrous membranes->bone

Forms flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible

1-condensation of MESENCHYMAL CELLS/FIBROUS MEMBRANES which differentiate into osteoblasts=ossification centre forms

2-Secreted OSTEIOD traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes

3-Trabecular matrix and perisosteum form

4-compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow

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16
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

growing cartilage is replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton

Leads to the development of LONG BONES

Takes longer than intermembranous ossification

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17
Q

What are the 2 ways that bone form?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral Ossification

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18
Q

What are the steps of Endochondral ossification?

A

1-Bone collar formation

2-Cavitation

3-Periosteal bud invasion

4-Diaphysis elongation

5-Epiphyseal ossification

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19
Q

What is the primary and secondary ossificiation centre?

A

Primary-DIAPHYSIS

secondary-EPIPHYSIS

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20
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Growth plate at each end of a LONG bone
  • ZONE OF ELONGATION of the long bone
  • Contains HYALINE CARTILAGE
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21
Q

Describe interstitual growth?

A

This is lengthening of the long bones

1-Growth plate zones -change in Chondracytes(secrete matrix)

2-Reserve Zone- Matrix production

3-Proliferative zone-Mitosis of bone cells

4- Maturation and hypertrophy(lipids, glycogen and alkaline phosphate accumulate and matrix calcifies)

5- Calcified Matrix-cartilage has calcified and dies

6-Zone of Ossification-Primary and secondary spongiosa(cancallous bone)- dead cartilage replaced by bone

22
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

23
Q

Describe Appostional growth?

A

1-ridges in the periosteum(connective tissue enveloping the bone) create a GROOVE for the periosteal blood vessel

2-Periosteal ridges fuse= endosteum-lines TUNNEL

3-Osteoblasts in the endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel forming a NEW OSTEON

4-Bone grows outwards as the osteoblasts in periosteum build new CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE. Osteon formation repeats as new peristeol ridges fold over blood vessel

24
Q

What is the role of bone in Calcium homeostasis?

A

Plasma calcium increase

this is detected by PARAFOLLICULAR cells in the thyroid gland which secrete CACITONIN

Calcitonin causes VITAMIN D to increase =OSTEOCLAST activity decrease =less bone broken down =less calcium released

Also CALCITONIN results in increased calcium secretion from the kidneys -less plasma calcium

25
Q

What can high calcium levels sometimes be an indication of ?

A

Cancer

26
Q

What is collagen structure?

A
  • amino acids make up collagen
  • 3 collagen polypeptides then arrange themselves into a triple helix rope like structure
  • These molecules then build each other up into collagen fibrils
  • These then rope together into collagen fibres which come together to form ligaments and tendons etc
27
Q

What role does collagen play in connective tissue ?

A

Fibre component

28
Q

What is a property of collagen ?

A

Non elastic behaviour

crimping of fibres

29
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

30
Q

What are the types of collagen and where are they found in the human body?

A

Type 1-Dermis, tendons, ligaments and bone Type 2- Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus Type 3 - Skin , vessel wall, reticular fibre of most tissues(lungs, liver, spleen)

31
Q

What is tendon made of?

A
  • made of collagen fibres(86%)
  • Organised in parallel regular bundles to make it stiff and strong -Has a bit of elastin, gives a bit of spring to take stress away (2%)
  • Proteoglycans (1-5%)
  • inorganic components(0.2%) e.g copper, magnesium, and calcium
32
Q

What is the function of the tendon?

A

-Transmit muscle forces

  • Elastic energy storage/recoil
  • PG resists compressive stresses
33
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

-enable proprioception(ability to know if your joints are flexed or extended, where your joints are in space) -stabilise the joint

34
Q

What are the features of ligaments?

A
  • Have functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position
  • is not densly innervated or vascularised
  • contains some blood vessels and nerves in outer covering covering(epiligament)
  • Contains proprioceptors
  • transmit pain signals via type C fibres
35
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

-SHOCK ABSORBER to reduce FRICTION

36
Q

Where is cartilage?

A
  • Covers and protects LONG BONES at joints
  • structural component of ribs and IV discs
37
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-Elastic -Hyaline (shiny surface on bone) -Fibrocartilage

38
Q

What is a property of cartilage?

A

Avascular

39
Q

In what disease is cartilage worn away?

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

40
Q

What are the 3 types of joints classified by structure?

A

Fibrous(synarthrosis)-In the skull, doesn’t move as this would dent the brain

Cartilaginous(Amphiarthrosis)-bit stiff and bit movement, in spine

Synovial(Diarthrosis)-move

41
Q

Give examples of each type of joint structure?

A

Fibrous: -Sultures -Syndesmosis -Interoseous membrane

Cartilaginous: -Synchondroses -Symphyses

Synovial: -plane -Hinge -Condyloid -Pivot -Saddle -Ball and Socket

42
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A
  • Shock absorber(due to hydrostatic pressure)
  • nutrition of the joint
  • reduces friction during movement
  • lubricates the joint
43
Q

What is the most common joint type?

A

Synovial joints

44
Q

What is the most mobile joint?

A

Synovial joint

45
Q

What is a key structural feature of a synovial joint?

A

JOINT CAPSULE:

ARTICULAR CAPSULE(outer)-keeps bones together structurally

SYNOVIAL CAVITY/membrane(inner)-contains synovial fluid

46
Q

What is responsible for joint stability and how?

A

LIGAMENTS: -prevent excessive movement that could damage joint -more ligament and tighter ligaments=greater stability but less mobillity -less ligaments and laxer ligaments =greater mobility but less stability

47
Q

What is the risk of having a joint with poor stability?

A

dislocation

48
Q

What factors affect joint stability?

A
  • Joint shape e.g hip vs shoulder
  • Ligaments -Tendons -Cartilage
49
Q

Compare hip vs shoulder stability?

A

Shoulder:

joint articulation-mismatch (shallow socket)

Joint Capsule-weak

Ligaments-lack strong ligaments

Muscles-rotator cuff dependent

Stability-unstable

Mobility-extremely mobile

Hip:

Complete fit-deep socket

Joint capsule-strong

Ligaments-strong networks of ligaments

Muscles-supported by muscles

Stability-stable

Mobility- less mobile

50
Q

Why might gymnasts and dancers be more prone to ligamentous?

A

excessive ligament laxity and overuse=hypermobility=grater risk of injury

51
Q

What features of the shoulder joint make it more prone to subluxation/dislocation than the hip joint

A

Shallow socket, weak joint capsule, lack of strong ligaments, greater mobility

Bio regulatory systems 2 (15 decks)

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