glucose homeostasis Flashcards
What is hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia?
hyperglycaemia-high blood sugar levels
Hypoglycaemia -low blood sugar levels
What is the blood glucose concentration for hypoglycaemia?
below normal levels of 4-5mmol/L if below 2mmol/L =unconsciousness, coma and ultimately death if untreated
What kind of diabetes is a result of hyperglycaemia?
Diabetes mellitus
Which hormones increase blood glucose? Which hormones decrease blood glucose?
decrease-insulin Increase-Glucagon, cortisol, Growth hormone(GH), Catecholamines
What percentage of people in the UK are affected by diabetes mellitus?
7%
What is the % increase risk of a person with diabetes mellitus dying relative to an age matched control without diabetes mellitus?
34%
How much of the NHS budget is spent on diabetes mellitus?
10%
What are the different types of Diabetes mellitus list from most prevalent (1) to least(3)?
1-Type 2 diabetes mellitus 2-Type 1 diabetes mellitus 3-Maturity onset diabetes of the young
What 3 key components make up the pancreas?
-Head of the Pancreas -Body of the pancreas -Tail of the pancreas-Where insulin is made in the beta cells
What is the main function of the pancreas?
98% generates EXOCRINE SECRETIONS
EXOCRINE ACINAR CELLS in the pancrease release enzymes via duct into the small intestine to aid with digestion
Main function-exocrine
How much of the pancreas is involved in endocrine function?
2% of the gland made up of islets of Langerhans
What 3 cell types make up the islets of langerhan and what do they secrete?
alpha cells-Glucagon Beta cells-Insulin delta cells-Somatostatin
What are in between the cells in the Islets of Langerhan and what does this allow?
GAP JUNCTIONS-allow small molecules to pass directly between cells enabling them to communicate via PARACRINE COMMUNICATION (because if one hormone increases it tells neighbouring cell types to stop the release of other hormones) TIGHT JUNCTION-create small intercellular spaces (hormones also released into this part to enable communication too
What do the hormones releases from the pancreas do in basic terms?
Insulin-stimulates growth and development and REDUCES blood glucose by encouraging cells to take up glucose Glucagon-INCREASES blood glucose# Somatostatin-inhibits both insulin and glucagon
What stimulates beta cells to secrete Insulin?
- When you eat glucose
- some amino acid(from food we eat)-also stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin
- some GI hormones also stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin
- When your relaxed after a meal PNS activity stimulates insulin section from beta cells (however SNS activity e.g fight or flight inhibits beta cells to prevent insulin secretion)
- Glucagon increase=glycogen broken down into glucose which is released into the bloodstream = increase blood glucose = increase insulin secretion