Male anatomy Flashcards by Anna Burrows

What are the two main functions of the testis?

production of high numbers of spermatozoa (1-25 billion! day) 35,000-200,000/second!
endocrine gland (=> testosterone)

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In what order do the tissues that surround testis go? From inwards out.

Tunica albuginea-> visceral layer of tunica vaginalis-> Cavity of tunica vaginalis -> Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis -> external spermatic fascia-> dartos muscle -> skin.

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What is the visceral tunic made of?

Peritoneal cells.

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What stuctures comprise the scrotum?

Parietal vaginal tunic (peritoneum, parietal layer)
Scrotal fascia
Tunica dartos (smooth muscle) Scrotum
Scrotal skin (with sweat glands => cooling)

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What do seminiferous tubules produce?

Spermatozoa.

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What do leydig cells produce?

Testosterone. They are found in the interstitial space of the seminiferous tubules.

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What do sertoli cells do?

Sits on basement membrane and stretches all the way up to where sperm is released in the lumen. They nurse germs cells as they develop from spermatogonium to spermatozoa.

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What is the seminiferous tubule composed of?

The tubule is composed of a basement membrane and a seminiferous epithelium (germinal epithlium). The epithelium consisits of a basal compartment and adluminal compartment.

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What are sertoli cells anchored to?

Sertoli cells are anchored to the basement membrane and surround the developing population of germ cells. Sperm production starts in the epithelium near the basement membrane.

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What 3 parts is the epididymus seperated into and what are their function?

head (caput): stores sperm until it is ready to undergo maturation. In close association with pampiniform plexus.
body (corpus: the sperm matures.
tail (cauda): Storage. The tail, connects to the ductus deferens/vas deferens. Smooth muscle contraction during sexual arousal.

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Define epididymal transit time?

Time taken for spermatozoa to travel from the proximal head to the distal tail of the epididymis.

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What does the ductus deferens/vase deferens do?

Connects the epididymis (tail) to pelvic urethra.

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What does the spermatic cord consist of?

ductus deferens
testicular artery and vein (pampiniform plexus)
nerve and lymphatic supply for testis

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What are the three functions of the pampiniform plexus?

heat exchanger
pulse pressure eliminator
transfer of testosterone from testicular vein to artery as there is a high local concentration in testis

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What does the tunica dartos do?

-tunica dartos in the smooth muscle in scrotal skin is important for long lasting contraction which reduces surface area and heat loss.

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What does the cremaster muscle do?

The cremaster muscle is striated muscle in the spermatic cord that functions for short term elevation of testes.

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The left and right testicular artery come of what?

The aorta. Testicular arteries are direct branches of the abdominal aorta.

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The left testicular vein drains into where?

Opens into the left renal vein.

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The right testicular vein drains into where?

Directly into caudal vena cava.

What artery supplies the penis and what does it branch off?

Dorsal penis artery. The internal pudendal artery and this branches off the internal iliac artery.

What are the function of accessory reproductive glands?

=>produce seminal plasma (together with epididymis)

What is the ampulla?

Ampulla are modified components of the deferent duct.

What is the colliculus seminalis?

Opening of ejaculatory ducts: common duct of ampulla and vesicular gland in stallion.

What accessory reproductive gland do boars lack?

Ampulla.- but other glands are large = >volurninous ejaculate

What are the reproductive glands?

``` Accessory reproductive glands -Ampulla -Vesicular gland -prostate gland 2 parts: body (corpus prostate) disseminate prostate (sits within wall of pelvic urethra) -bulbourethral gland ```

What are the only two reproductive glands in the dog?

Ampulla and Prostate (body).

What is a sign of benign prostatic hyperplasia | in the dog?

compression of the rectum => tenesmus

Which accessory gland does the horse lack?

Disseminate prostate.

Which accessory gland do small ruminants lack?

Prostate body.

Which accessory glands do cats have?

Prostate body and bulbourethral gland.

Which accessory glands do large ruminants have?

All of them.

What are some of the functions of seminal plasma?

-needed for dilution and delivery of sperm -contains fructose as energy source (not in stallion) -coagulating (in stallion and boar). In the sow the coagulate blocks the cervix and prevents reflux of semen. - buffer - prostaglandins

Where would you find the urethral muscle?

Urethral muscle | =>surrounds the pelvic urethra.

Where would you find the bulbospongiosus muscle?

=> surrounds the bulbourethral glands and penile urethra

What are the two glandis components of the canine penis?

Pars longis glandis and bulbus glandis

What does the root of the penis contain in the dog and other species?

The crura which attach to the ischiatic spine

What encloses the crura and is important for erection?

Ischiocavernosus muscle (striated)

What is the blood supply for the accessory gland, urethra and penis:

-internal pudendal artery (terminal branch of internal iliac artery)

What are the three columns of erectile tissue found in the penis called?

``` -Corpus cavernosum x2 Found at base of the crura main part of the corpus surrounded by dense connective tiss (tunica albuginea) - Corpus spongiosurn x1 Found around the urethra ```

What are the two types of penis and what species are they found in?

Fibroelastic (ruminats and pigs) | Musculocavernous (stallion and dog)

What are the characteristics of a fibroelastic penis during erection?

-much fibroelastic tissue in CC => during erection little increase in length and girth -sigmoid flexure stretches when retractor penis muscle relaxes.

What are the characteristics of a musculocavernous penis during erection?

- more muscular/less connective tissue in CC | - during erection significant increase in length and girth due to filling of corpural spaces.

Where would you take swabs from the stallion penis from?

- Urethral process (UP) - Fossa glandis (around UP) - urethral sinus (dorsal to UP) - shaft

What two muscles are located in the scrotum and what are their function?

The dartos and cremastor muscle. The dartos is a smooth muscle and is used for long term elevation of the testes. The cremastor muscle is striated and functions for short term elevation of the testes. They both function to ensure optimal temperature for the testicles.

What are the origins of the testicular arteries?

They are direct branches of the abdominal aorta.

What are the possible functions of the pampiniform plexus?

Heat exchanger Pulse eliminator Transfer of testosterone from testicular vein to artery

What is the function of the vaginal cavity in the scrotum?

The vaginal cavity is the space between the scrotal associated tunic (parietal vaginal tunic) and testicular associated tunic (the visceral vaginal tunic) containing peritoneal fluid which prevents adhesion of the two.