Male anatomy Flashcards
week 1
Name the four pairs of common features in male and female reproductive systems.
Ovaries and testes (gametes and sex hormones)
Clitoris and Glans of penis (ANS axons stimulating arosual and sexual climax)
Labia majora and scrotum (protect and cover some structures)
Vestibular glands and Bulbourethral glands (secrete mucin for lubrication)
What does the pelvic inlet seperate and what consequently goes through it?
Separates pelvic and abdominal cavities
females: Ovarian vessels, nerves and lymphatics
males: ducts deferens on each side passes through wall and over inlet: sigmoid colon and ureters past through it.
what is the true pelvis?
continuous with the abdominal cavity at pelvic inlet.
What are the 4 main Ducts in male anatomy?
Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.
What are the three accessory sex glands of male repro anatomy?
Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands.
What are the functions of the testes?
Sperm (male sex cells and gametes)
Testosterone
What are the function of ducts?
Assist in serum maturation, storage and transportation
Glands
Secrete the liquid portion of semen
Penis
Contains urethra
Passageway for ejaculation
Excretion of urine
How does the scrotum regulate temperature for sperm production.
Temperature regulation is managed by Cremaster muscles: These raise the testes closer to body to absorb body heat and Dartos muscle cause them to become tight to reduce heat.
Exposure to heat REVERSES actions
What is a disadvantage and advantage of the scrotum?
dis = very vulnerable
adv = outside so can maintain 2-3 degrees less than body temp which is needed for sperm production.
what are the three steps of testes developing and descending?
Develops high in posterior abdominal wall
Gubernaculum connects testes to external oblique muscle of anterior abdominal wall.
Shortening of Gubernaculum pulls testes through anterior wall.
What structures do the testes take with them as the descend?
vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ductus deferens = located in the spermatic cord
Location and function of inguinal ligament
Location
Base of anterior abdominal wall, down the pubic tubercle.
Two bands
Function
Connects oblique muscles of the abdomen to the pelvis
location and function of inguinal canal
Location
Extends inferiorly and medially
Parallel to inguinal ligament
Contains: males (spermatic cord and genitofemoral nerve) Women (round ligament of uterus in women)
Function
Slit like passage
3 layers of fascia
Internal spermatic fascia (deepest)
Cremasteric fascia
External spermatic fascia (most superficial)
What are the testes made up of?
Made up of: seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis) and interstitial tissue (CTand Leydig cells that secrete testosterone)
Structure of testes
Made up of: seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis) and interstitial tissue (CT and Leydig cells that secrete testosterone)
Tunica albuginea: white fibrous capsule composed of dene irregular CT. Forms lobules containing seminiferous tubules.
Tunica Vaginalis: closed sac of peritoneum partially covering testes.
what are the two distinct components of the epididymis?
Efferent ductules
-enlarged coiled mass
- head of epididymis
True epididymis
- single long coiled duct
-body of epididymis
function of True Epididymis
Function - Sperm maturation:
Becomes motile
Sperm stored for several months
Propel sperm into ductus deferens in sexual arousal via peristaltic contraction.
what is the function of the ductus deferens?
Transports sperm from epididymis towards the urethra
What does the Seminal Vesicle secrete?
Alkaline, viscous fluid
What is the function of the bulbourethtal vesicle?
Aids in neutralisation of acidic environment of urethra and female reproductive tract that would normally kill sperm.
What does Seminal Vesicle contain?
Fructose, Prostaglandins (soften and relax cervix) and Clotting proteins (help semen coagulate after ejaculation)
Structure and function of Bulbourethral gland
Structure
- paired glands size of peas
-inferiror to prostate
ducts open to urethra
Function
-protects sperm
Structure and function of semen
Structure
-two components: sperm and seminal fluid
-seminal vesicles, prostate and Bulbourethral glands
function
- semen coagulates and clotting proteins form seminal vesicles after ejaculated
-semen re-liquefies (10-20mins after)
Structure of Sperm Head
Nucleus has 23 chromosomes
Acrosome covers nucleus
and contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate a secondary oocyte
Structure of Sperm tail
Four parts
1- Neck: contains centrioles for microtubules
2- middle piece - mitochondria arranged in spiral energy (ATP)
3- Principal piece
longest portion of tail
4- end piece
- terminal
what are the three main structures of the urethra?
Named according to what structures passes through
- Prostatic urethra
-Membranous urethra (deep muscles of perineum)
-Spongy urethra (duct passes through penis corpus spongiosum)
What are the two functions of the penis?
Ejaculation of semen
Excretion of urine
What are the three parts of the penis?
Body
- three cylindrical masses of erectile tissues surrounded by tunica albiginea
bulb
- base of corpus spongiosum
Root
- attaches penis to perineum
(bulb and crura)
Describe the structure of Erectile tissues.
Numerous blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells
Surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic CT
common in males and feales
What are the two types of Erectile tissues?
Corpora cavernosa (two dorsolateral masses)
Corpus spongiosum (contaons spongy urethra and keeps open for ejaculation)
The cremaster muscle of the testes and scrotum is derived from which layer of the anterior abdominal wall
internal oblique
On which surface of the penis is the corpora cavernosa erectile tissue located
Dorsal
Which three structures form the floor of the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic diaphragm, deep perineal pouch and the perineal membrane
Which structure of the testis originated from the abdominal peritoneum?
Tunica vaginalis
Which feature of the sacrum forms the lateral articulation to the iliac bones of the pelvis?
Alar
Which muscle forms the most medial part of the levator ani?
Puborectalis muscle
Which muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani and coccygeus
To which region of the lower limb does the obturator canal communicate?
Medial (adductor) region of the thigh
Which ligamentous structure passes between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle of the pelvis?
Inguinal ligament
In which tissue of the penis is the urethra located?
Bulbospongiosum
Which ligamentous structure forms the lower border of the greater sciatic notch of the pelvis?
Sacrospinous ligament
What structure of testis is the site of spermatogenesis?
Seminiferous tubule
How many fused vertebra form the sacrum?
5
Which structure is formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle?
Ejaculatory duct
The inguinal ligament attaches inferiorly to which feature of the innominate (pelvic) bone?
Pubic tubercle
What is the name of the perineal region located anterior to the ischial tuberosities
Urogenital triangle
In which muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is the superficial inguinal ring located?
External oblique
Which structure is the outer (superficial) boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
Levator ani
Which muscle divides the greater sciatic foramen into two parts?
Piriformis
how does the ejaculatory duct join the urethra?
penetrates the prostate gland to connect with the prostatic urethra
what structures form the ejaculatory duct?
joining of the sminal vesicle and the ductus deferens
where are the bulbo-urethral glands anatomically located
- within the deep perineal pouch
- lateral to the membranous part of the urethra
bulbo-urtheral glands function
contribute to lubrication of the urethra and pre-ejaculatory secretions
what erectile tissues form the penis?
- corpus cavernosa (dorsal body)
- corpus spongiosum (ventral body and glans penis)
how is the scrotum formed?
- in the fetus, labioscrotal swellings fuse across the midline
- into which, the testes, musculofascial coverings, neurovasculature, and ducts descend
what is the prepuce (foreskin)?
a fold of skin at the neck of the glans
male vs female accessory glands
Female: oviduct, uterus and vagina
Male: prostate, pair of seminal vesicles and pair of bulbourethral glands
