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REPRO > Female reproductive processes > Flashcards

Female reproductive processes Flashcards

week 4

1
Q

what are three difefrences between spermogenesis and oogenesis?

A

life limit (F= limited, M-limited)

continunity (F= interrupted meiosis, M= continious meiosus)

division (F= asymmetric division (1) M= symmertical (4)

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2
Q

Describe the role of Cohesins in Meiotic arrestand increasubf tisk of down syndrome

A

they keep sister chromatids together

Weaken with increase in maternal age

= incorrect microtubule=centromere attachment

= chromosome segregation erros (nondisjunction) in metapahse and anaphase I

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3
Q

What is the first follicle of Follicle development? Structure?

A

Primordial follicle

Oocyte surrounded by single layer of ill-defined squamous-like follicle cells

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4
Q

What is the second follicle of Follicle development and how is it formed?

A

primary follicle

Differentiation –> single layer of cuboidal/ columnar type follicle cells surrounding oocyte

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5
Q

What is the third follicle of Follicle development? Structure?

A

Secondary follicle
Two or more layers of stratified granulosa cells surround oocyte

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6
Q

What is the fourth follicle of Follicle development? Structure?

A

Late secondary follicle

Fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells appear

Thecal cells and zona become visible

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7
Q

What is the fifth follicle of Follicle development? Structure?

A

Tertiary follicle

Central fluid filled cavity forms

Corona radiata (cumulus cells) Ooccyte

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8
Q

What is the sixth follicle of Follicle development? Structure?

A

ovulating follicle

Follicle ruptures

Oocyte ovulated with cumulus cells

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9
Q

How is the seventh element of follicle development formed and what is its function?

A

Corpus luteum

Residual follicle forms corpus luteum

Secretes hormones that maintain pregnancy

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10
Q

What is the 8th step of follicle development?

A

Corpora albicantia

Widespread cell death

Leaves scar tissues

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11
Q

What are the hormones involved in the Ovarian cycle and what are their functions?

A

GnRH: release of LH and FSH

LH: stimulates secretion of androgens

FSH: supports conversion of androgens –> estrogens

Osetrogen: negatively/pos regulation of GnRH, LH and FSH. Stimulates endometrium and pri/sec sex characteristics.

Inhibin: inhibits FSH

Progesterone: negative regulation of GnRH, LH and FSH, Stimulates endometrium and pri/sec sex characteristics.

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12
Q

What are the two main phases of the ovarian cycle and when do they occur?

A

Folllicular (1-14)
Luteal (15-28)

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13
Q

What occurs in the follicular stage before puberty?

A

primordial follicles spontaneously activate

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14
Q

What are the steps in oogensis?

A
  1. oogonium → primary oocytes (before birth) by mitosis
  2. primary oocyte arrested in prophase I
  3. completes meiosis I in response to LH surge → secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
  4. secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II
  5. ovulation of the secondary oocyte
  6. completes meiosis II in response to fertilisation → ovum and 2nd polar body
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14
Q

What occurs in the follicular phase after puberty? What are the changes in hormones?

A

growth of secondary follicles accelerated by FSH and LH

Growth follicles (due to increase estrogen/inhibin and decrease in FSH)

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15
Q

What are the preantral and antral follicle types?

A

preantral
= Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle and late secondary follicle

antral
= tertiary antral and Graafian (amture vesicualr follicle)

16
Q

In a regular cycle, when does ovulation occur?

A

14 dats after mensturation

17
Q

Hormones of ovulation

A

Elevated estrogen = forms dominant follicle

Triggers LH surge = resumes meiosis in metaphase II, final growth of follcile wall and ovulation.

afterwards: oestrgen declines

18
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus and their function?

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium – bulky contractile smooth muscle

Endometrium- startum functionalis (sheds) and stratum basalis (rebuilds finctional layer)

19
Q
A
20
Q

What is the function of the uterine cycle and how long does it take?

A

prepare uterus to receive fertilized embryo after ovulation.

average = 29.5 days
shorter as age

21
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle and when do they occur?

A

Menstrual

Days 1-5

Proliferative

6-14

Secretory

15-28

22
Q

What occurs in each of the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual – destructive phase
-Shedding of functional endometrium layer

Proliferative – follicular, oestrogenic
-Rebuilding functional layer

Secretory – luteal, pregestational
-Enrichment of blood supply and nutrient secretion of endometrial glands

23
Q

Describe the events of the shedding of the functional endometrium.

A

Uterine arteries extend branches into uterine wall

Arcuate arteries of myometrium send branches into endometrium= straight arteries in basal, spiral in functional.

Degenerating functional layer fragments and sloughs off.

24
Q

Is there more progestrone or estrogen in the luteal phase and what is the impact of this?

A

Luteinized granulosa cells secretes more progesterone than estrogen = decrease in FSH and LH = pause on folliculogenesis

progesterone = dominant – singles ovulation occurs and makes endometrium receptive to implantation.

25
Q

Steps of luteal phase

A

Ovulation ends

LH stimulates granulosa and theca cells differentiate into large and small luteal cells (respectively) = corpus luteum

Luteinized granulosa cells secretes more progesterone than estrogen = decrease in FSH and LH = pause on folliculogenesis.

Inhibin also inhibits FSH

Estrogen declines and progesterone = dominant – singles ovulation occurs and makes endometrium receptive to implantation.

26
Q

compare CL in pregnant and non-pregnant cycles.

A

Non-Pregnant Cycle: The corpus luteum degenerates if pregnancy does not occur, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen and the start of menstruation. LH initally supports it.

Pregnant Cycle: The corpus luteum is maintained by hCG and continues to produce PE and E to maintain endometrial lining.

27
Q

compare the ovarian cycle w the uterine cycle

A

The ovarian cycle = changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary,

uterine cycle = changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus.

ovarian
-follicular and luteal

uterine
-menstural
-prolifertive
-secretory

REPRO (14 decks)

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