Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Various species associated with
malarial infection in humans and their characteristics

A
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2
Q

Phenotype carried by West Africans which are generally resistant to P. vivax malaria

A

Duffy-negative FyFy phenotype

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of malarial infection

A
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4
Q

Period of asexual reproduction

A

Intrahepatic or preerythrocytic schizogony

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5
Q

Dormant forms, causes of relapses

A

hypnozoites

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6
Q

when the parasite has consumed two-thirds of the RBC’s hemoglobin and has grown to occupy most of the cell

A

schizont

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7
Q

morphologically distinct, longer-lived sexual forms, can transmit malaria

A

gametocytes

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8
Q

Vector of malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito

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9
Q

Principal determinants of the epidemiology of malaria

A
  1. Number (density)
  2. Human-biting habits
  3. Longevity of the anopheline mosquito vectors
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10
Q

Central to the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria

A
  1. Cytoadherence
  2. Rosetting
  3. Agglutination
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11
Q

Genetic disorders that confer protection against death from falciparum malaria

A
  1. Thalassemia
  2. Sickle cell disease
  3. Hemoglobin C and E
  4. Hereditary ovalocytosis
  5. G6PD deficiency
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12
Q

defined in terms of rates of microscopy-detected parasitemia or palpable spleens in children 2-9 years of age

A

Endemicity

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13
Q

Classifications of endemicity

A
  1. Hypoendemic (<10%)
  2. Mesoendemic (11-50%)
  3. Hyperendemic (51-75%)
  4. Holoendemic (>75%)
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14
Q

Initial constitutional symptoms

A

Lack of a sense of well-being, headache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and muscle aches followed by fever

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15
Q

Manifestations of severe falciparum malaria

A
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16
Q

characteristic and ominous feature of falciparum malaria, and even with treatment, has been associated with death rates of ~20% among adults and 15% among children

17
Q

Manifestation of cerebral malaria

A

Diffuse symmetric encephalopathy, focal neurologic signs are unusual

18
Q

Clinical features indicating a poor prognosis in severe falciparum malaria

19
Q

Laboratory features indicating a poor prognosis

20
Q

Pregnant women with malaria

A

-fetal loss in early pregnancy
-more severe in areas with unstable transmission
-high parasetemia with anemia
-hypoglycemia
-acute pulmonary edema

21
Q

Common results of pregnancy in people with malaria

A

fetal distress
premature labor
stillbirth
low birthweight

22
Q

transfusion malaria

A

-transmitted by BT, needlestick injury or organ transplantation
-short incubation period
-no preerythrocytic stage of development
-primaquine unnecessary for transfusion transmitted P. vivax and P. ovale

23
Q

Chronic complications of malaria

A

-Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly
-Quartan malarial nephropathy
-Burkitt’s lymphoma and EBV infection

24
Q

Approach to diagnosis of malaria

A

thick and thin smears should be prepared and examined immediately to confirm the diagnosis and identify the species of infecting parasite

25
diagnosis of malaria
demonstration of asexual forms of the parasite in stained peripheral blood smears
26
Treatment for uncomplicated malaria
27
Treatment for severe malaria
27
Treatment for severe malaria
28
Firstline treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in malaria-endemic areas
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)
29
Drug of choice for all patients with severe malaria
Artesunate
30
Indications to stop quinidine infusion
-total plasma levels exceed 8 ug/ml -QT interval exceeds 0.6s -QRS complex widens more than 25% overbaseline
31
Cannot be given to pregnant women
Primaquine Tetracycline Doxycycline
32
Complications of severe malaria
Acute renal failure Acute pulmonary edema Hypoglycemia Sepsis Bleeding Convulsions
33
Only drug advised for pregnant women travelling to areas with drug-resistant malaria
Mefloquine
34
Duration of chemoprophylaxis for travelers
2 days to 2 weeks before departure and continued until 4 weeks after the traveler has left
35
Should not be given to patients with G6PD deficiency, as it causes serious hemolysis
Primaquine