Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology/Soc > Making Sense of the environment > Flashcards

Making Sense of the environment Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

habituation

A

repeated exposure to the same stimulus, decreases response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of response after habituation when second stimulus is presented. change in response to the old stimuli, not the new one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

classical conditioning

A

takes advantage of the biological, instinctual responses, to create associations between two unrelated stimuli. turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

unconditioned stimulus and response

A

innat- we do it naturally (salivate when smelling bread) US- bread smell UR- salivate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neutral stimuli

A

does not products a reflexive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

A

normally neutral stimulus that now causes reflexive response (conditioned response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extinction

A

organism gets habituated to the conditioned stimulus (bell with no meat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

if extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

generalization

A

stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus, causes conditioned response (lil Albert and white rat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

discrimination

A

learns to distinguish between two similar similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

operant conditioning

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences to alter frequency of behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

positive (op conditioning)

A

adding something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

negative (op conditioning)

A

taking something away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

punishment (op conditioning)

A

decreasing likelihood of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reinforcement (op conditioning)

A

increasing likelihood of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

escape learning

A

reduce unpleasantness of something that already exists (taking medicine for a headache)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

avoidance learning

A

prevent unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen by increasing behavior (neg reinforcement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

specific number (every 3t times)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

variable ratio

A

average number is relatively constant (every 2 times, then 8, then 4 then 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fixed interval

A

time- every 60 seconds..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

variable interval

A

varying interval of time (every 60 sec, then 90 sec, then 30 sec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what schedule works best for learning

A

Variable ratio- very rapid, very resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

shaping

A

rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

latent learning

A

without reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

instinctive drift

A

overcoming instinctive behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

automatic processing

A

gained without effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

controlled (effortful) processing

A

active memorization/learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ways to encode information

A

visual, acoustic (way it sounds), semantic (meaningful context) STRONGEST- semantic, WEAKEST-visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

self-reference effect

A

put things into the context of your own life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition of piece of info to keep it in working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

method of loci

A

associating a list with a route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

peg-word

A

numbers with items that rhyme (one-sun)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sensory memory

A

iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory), lasts under 1 second. occipital lobe- visual, temporal lobe-auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

short term memory

A

30 seconds without rehearsal, 7 +- rule- approximately 7 numbers, happens primarily in the hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

working memory

A

hippocampus, manipulate the info (do math in our heads)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

long term memory

A

limitless. primarily controlled by hippocampus but eventually move to the cerebral cortex

37
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

associating info to knowledge already stored in your longterm memory

38
Q

two types of long term memory

A

implicit (non-declarative/procedural) and explicit (declarative)

39
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious, skills and conditioned responses, (procedural memory)

40
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memory. declarative memory -facts and events then broken down into episodic memory (events and experiences) vs. semantic memory (facts, concepts)

41
Q

retrieval

A

recognition, relearning, recall, semantic network spreading activation, context effects, state-dependent memory, serial position effect (first and last things on a list)

42
Q

Alzheimers

A

lost of acetylcholine neurons in the hippocampus, progressive dementia

43
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of previously formed memories

44
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to form new memories

45
Q

proactive interference

A

old info interfering with new learning (old pimples interfering with new skin)

46
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information causing you to forget old information

47
Q

misinformation effect

A

getting more info confuses you

48
Q

source-monitoring error

A

remembering the details of an event but confuses the context under which those details were gained

49
Q

information processing model

A

our brains are like a computer. 4 key components:

  1. thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
  2. stimuli must be analyzed by the brain
  3. decisions made in one situation can be modified or used to solve new situations
  4. problem solving does not only depend on the persons cognitive level, but also complexity of the problem
50
Q

Piagets States of Cog Development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- continuous and sequential process

51
Q

Schemas

A

a concept, behavior, or sequence of events. As you proceed through different stages, you learn how to place new information into the different schemata

52
Q

adaptation (Piaget)

A

assimilation- classifying new info into existing schemata

accommodation- existing schema MODIFIED to fit new info

53
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

ages: birth-2 years JAX
Primary reactions- sucking thumb, secondary reactions- getting response from environment
milestone that ends this stage: Object permanence- understanding that objects exist even when you don’t see them
representational thought begins-mental representations of objects and events

54
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

age: 2-7 years old JAMIE
symbolic thinking-make believe
egocentrism- unable to imagine what other people feel
centration- doesn’t understand conservation

55
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

age: 7-11 years old JARED

understand conservation, understand perspectives of others, logical thought (math)

56
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

age: 11+ ME AND MAMI

problem solve, think logically about abstract ideas and moral reasoning

57
Q

types of problem solving

A

trial and error- least logical
algorithm- formula
deductive reasoning (top down)- general to specific
inductive reasoning (bottom up) -specific to general

58
Q

heuristics

A

rules of thumb
availability heuristic- how likely something is
representativeness heuristic- categorizing items

59
Q

disconfirmation principle

A

evidence proved that solution does not work

60
Q

confirmation bias

A

focus on information that fits your beliefs while ignoring information that goes against them- leads to overconfidence

61
Q

belief perseverence

A

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence against it

62
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal

63
Q

Stages of sleep

A

BAT-D
B: beta- alert, mental concentration
A: alpha- awake but relaxing
T: theta- Stage 1- as you go deeper into sleep, sleep spindles and K complexes appear

D: delta-stages 3 and 4, slow wave sleep- cognitive recovery, memory consolidation

64
Q

NREM sleep

A

stages 1-4

65
Q

REM sleep

A

inbetween NREM sleep- brain is awake but muscles are paralyzed, dreaming occurs, procedural memory consolidation

66
Q

circadian rhythm

A

waking and sleeping schedule

67
Q

hormones in sleep

A

melatonin- pineal gland, makes us sleepy

cortisol- adrenal cortex, makes us awake

68
Q

activation synthesis theory of dreaming

A

dreams caused by random activation of neural circuits

69
Q

problem solving dream theory

A

dreams solve problems while asleep

70
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

dreams are the sleeping counterpart of your stream of conscious

71
Q

depressants

A

reduce nervous system activity, sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety. increases GABA activity. examples are alcohol and Barbiturates

72
Q

alcohol

A

increases GABA activity and dopamine levels

73
Q

Stimulants

A

arousal in nervous system- examples, amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy

74
Q

amphetamines/cocaine

A

increase release (decrease reuptake) of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. reduction in appetite and sleep, anxiety, paranoia, euphoria

75
Q

ecstasy

A

hallucinogen combined with an amphetamine

76
Q

opiates and opioids

A

cause decreased reactions to pain and sense of euphoria

examples: morphine, codeine, heroin

77
Q

hallucigens

A

distortions of reality

examples: LSD, shrooms

78
Q

drug addiction/reward pathway

A

nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and the medial forebrain bundle between them

79
Q

selective attention

A

cocktail party phenomenon- we shift our attention when it is important to us

80
Q

language

A

phonology- sound
morphology- structure of words
semantics- association of meanings with words
syntax- words put together to form sentence
pragmatics- depending on context and preexisting knowledge

81
Q

timeline of language

A 
9-12 months: babbling
12-18 months: 1 word a month
18-20 months: combining words
2-3: longer sentences 
5 years: language is mastered
82
Q

Nativist Biological Theory of language

A

innate ability for language- Language acquisition device
critical period- between 2 and puberty
sensitive period- before puberty

83
Q

Learning Behaviorist Theory of language

A

language by operant conditioning, repeat and reinforce sounds

84
Q

Social Interactionist Theory of Language

A

driven by the child’s desire to communicate and behave socially

85
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

language affects the way we think, not the other way around

86
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

not able to produce sounds

87
Q

Wernicks Aphasia

A

no speech comprehension

88
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

not able to repeat anything

Psychology/Soc (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions