Individual Influences on Behavior Flashcards
extrinsic motivation
include rewards, avoid punishments- tangible rewards
intrinsic motivation
interest in a task, pure enjoyment.
instinct theory of motivation
people driven to do certain behaviors based on instincts
arousal theory of motivation
people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
U-shaped graph, performance worse at high and low levels of arousal. Best at intermediate level
For cognitive/complex tasks, low level is better. for physical endurance,simple tasks, high level of arousal is better.
Drive Reduction Theory
motivation is based on the drive to eliminate anything uncomfortable
Need-Based Theories
motivation is how we use our energy/resources to satisfy our needs
Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs
Self-Determination Theory- 3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
incentive theory
desire to pursue awards and avoid punishments
expectancy value theory
amount of motivation= individuals expectation of success in reaching goal + degree to which they value succeeding
Opponent-Process theory
explains drug use. withdrawl sx that your body does creates a dependence on the drug
Maslows Hierachy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
personality
thoughts, feelings, traits, behaviors (how we act)
Freud- id
basic, primal , inborn urges to survive and reproduce
functions according to pleasure principles, gaining immediate gratification
Freud- ego
functions according to the reality principle (postpones pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained)
Freud-superego
focused on ideal self, perfectionist
defense mechanisms
ego’s way or relieving anxiety caused by id/superego clash
they all deny reality and they operate unconsciously
repression defense mechanism
unconsciously removing an idea/feeling from consciousness
suppression defense mechanism
consciously removing an idea/feeling from consciousness
regression defense mechanism
returning to an earlier stage of development - ex: speaking like a baby
reaction formation defense mechanism
unacceptable impulse transformed into opposite - ex: 2 people always fighting bc they actually like each other
projection defense mechanism
attribution of wishes, thoughts, desires to someone else
ex: man who cheated claims his wife is cheating
rationalization
justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
displacement
changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same- ex: taking anger on something/someone else
sublimation
channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable direction
Jungian archetypes
persona- how we present to the world
anima- a “mans inner woman”
animus- a “womens inner man”
shadow- unpleasant and social unacceptable thoughs, feelings and actions
Jungs Dichotomy
extraversion vs. inversion
sensing vs. intuiting
thinking vs. feeling
the big 5 traits of personality
OCEAN O-openness C- conscientiousness E- extraversion A- agreeableness N- neuroticism
biomedical vs biopsychosocial approach to psych disorders
biomedical approach- symptom reduction, narrow view
biopsychosocial approach- biological, psychological and social components to an individuals disorder.
direct therapy but also indirect therapy which aims to increase social support
Scizophrenia
psychotic disorder
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and behaviors (positive symptoms) + negative symptoms
positive symptoms vs negative symptoms
positive symptoms- behaviors, thoughts, feelings added to normal behavior
negative symptoms- absence of normal or desired behavior
delusions
reference- common elements in environment directed towards the individual
persecution- person is being discriminated against or threatened
Grandeur- belief that you’re remarkable in some way
hallucinations
not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
disorganized thought
loosening of associations, word salads, or making up new words (neologisms)
disorganized behavior
inability to carry out daily living
catatonia-spontaneous movement
downward drift hypothesis
schizo causes decline in socioeconomic status
major depressive disorder
at least one episode, at least 2 week of at least the 5 following symptoms:
SIG E CAPS
sadness, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor sx and suicidal thoughts
dysthmia
depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to be diagnosed with MDD
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal onset of disorder, present in winter months
can be treated with bright light therapy
manic episodes
abnormal and elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least 3 of the following symptoms:
DIG FAST
distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas (racing thoughts), agitation, speech, and thoughtlessness
bipolar I vs bipolar II
bipolar I has manic episodes with or without major depressive disorders
bipolar II- hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression
too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, too little leads to depression
generalized anxiety disorder
disproportionate and persistent worry about many different thing
specific phobias
phobia produced by specific object
social anxiety disorder
anxiety in social situations
agoraphobia
fear in being places which may be hard to escape
panic disorder
repeated panic attacks
OCD
obsessions and compulsions.
obsessions raise the individuals stress level, compulsions reduce stress level
body dysmorphic disorder
negative evaluation of persons appearance
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences, linked to trauma
dissociative identity disorder
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a persons behavior
depersonalization
individuals feel detached from their own body and mind
somatic symptom disorder
disproportionate concerns about a medical conditions seriousness
illness anxiety disorder
consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
conversion disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
ego syntonic
individual happy with their behaviors
ego dystonic
sees the illness as bothersome
clusters of personality disorders
3 W
weird, wild, worried
weird-paranoid, schizo
wild- antisocial, borderline
worried- OCD, avoidant personality disorder, dependent
causes of schizophrenia
genes, hypoxemia, excessive marijuana, excess of dopmaine
causes of depression
high glucose in the amygdala, hippocampus atrophy, high levels of cortisol, decreased norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine
causes of bipolar
increased norepinephrine and serotonin, genes
alzheimers disease
atrophy of the brain, enlarged cerebral ventricles, reduction in acetylcholine, neurofibrillary tangles
parkinsons disease
bradykinesia, resting tremor, masklike, shuffling gait, stooped posture
causes- decreased dopamine production in basal ganglia
components of attitude
A- affective (emotional)
B- behavioral
C- cognitive (justficiation)
functional attitudes theory
attitudes serve 4 functions- knowledge, ego-expressive (solidify our self identity), ego-defensive (protecting ourselves) and adaptive
learning theory
attitudes developed through different forms of learning (direct contact, others attitudes, classical conditioning, operant)
elaboration likelihood model
separates indiv. based on their processing of persuasive information
central route processing
high elaboration, analyzing
peripheral route processing
superficial information, slogans, pictures
social cognitive theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitude by observing the behaviors of others
Banduras triangle- 3 factors- personal, behavioral, environmenta
