Major Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Firefighting at a crashed aircraft
A
The rule of thumb is initially to fight the fire that interferes with the rescue and establishing an evacuation path.
Class B firefighting foam is used as ARFF consider aircraft fuel tankers when involved in an incident.
2
Q
Considerations on arrival at an aircraft incident
A
Incident may stretch over a large distance.
People may have been ejected.
Approach from upwind.
Toxic airborne products.
Potential explosive devices.
3
Q
Three groups of dry alarms
A
Heat detectors.
Smoke detectors.
Flame detectors.
4
Q
Four functions of a sprinkler
A
Detect the presence of fire.
Locate the area involved in fire.
Raise the alarm, both with the occupants of the building and the fire brigade.
Attack the fire.
5
Q
Diagram and label components of a sprinkler system
A
6
Q
Four causes of false alarms
A
Faults in alarm systems can be categorised as:
Transmission signal faults.
Fire panel faults.
Faults in monitoring devices.
Faults in detection devices.
7
Q
Explain LEL and UEL flammable range
A
The LEL (lower explosive limit) is the lowest concentration of a gas or vapour (expressed as a volume percentage in air) that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present.
The UEL (upper explosive limit) is the highest concentration of a gas or vapour (expressed as a volume percentage in air) that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present.
Between the LEL and UEL is the flammable range.
Outside of the flammable range is not flammable.
Below the LEL is too lean to burn.
Above the UEL is to rich to burn.
8
Q
What does a MicroRae detector detect
Fill out MircoRae table
A
Lower Explosive Limit
Oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
insert table
9
Q
Four irrespirable atmospheres (TOES)
A
Toxic gases and fumes.
Oxygen deficiency.
Elevated temperatures.
Smoke.
10
Q
Five symptoms of heat exhaustion (BLAND)
A
Burning sensation of the skin.
Lethargy (lack of energy).
Abdominal discomfort.
Nausea (feeling sick).
Dizziness.
11
Q
Nine components of Scotts Contour BA set
A
Harness and back plate.
Demand Valve.
Pressure reducer.
Warning whistle and pressure gauge.
Band and clamp.
Rescue second mask CEJN.
Cylinder.
Mask.
Cylinder connection point.
12
Q
BA entrapment procedure
A
Radio to entry control officer.
Sound DSU.
Remain calm to conserve air.
Move to safest possible area.
Saturate the vicinity.
13
Q
Stage 2 BA board
A
Takes over the management of BA wearing at larger incidents. It is alsocontrolled by a dedicated ECO officer, who will have two fully rigged BA wearers standing by for emergency purposes.
Used for:
More than 4 wearers up to a max of 12.
Confirmed multi-storey incidents.
HAZMAT incidents where a full decon zone is operating.
14
Q
Six uses of the Bronto
A
Effecting rescue and recovery.
Placing personnel and equipment on a building.
Water tower.
Lighting tower.
Observation platform.
Crane.
15
Q
Where are collectors on the Bronto and how many
A
Rear of Bronto, 2 on offside and 2 on nearside.
16
Q
Minimum collectors for CAF on the Bronto
A
1 x 64mm to the Bronto with an optimum pressure of 700-1000kPa.
17
Q
Explain the pressure relief valve
A
Primary function of the pressure relief valve is to prevent excessive delivery pressure to other lines when a hose line is shut off, or delivery valves are closed.
Is set to prevent excess delivery pressure. Only bleed of a maximum of 200kPa.
Not HP hose reels.
18
Q
Five types of gas labels
A
Poison gas - White with black lettering.
Poisonous and flammable - two diamonds on label.
Oxidising agent - Yellow with black lettering.
Non flammable - Green with black lettering.
Flammable - Red with black lettering.
19
Q
Actions to stop a gas leak?
A
SOG #12
Appliance pump engaged, with crew member standing by with charged line.
Full level D, with BA donned.
Adequate hearing protection fitted.
Correct gas clamp selected.
Correct tools selected for digging around impacted area.
Clamp supply side for service pipeline.
Clamp both sides for main distribution as they’re generally ring mains.
20
Q
What does BLEVE stand for
A
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
21
Q
Indicators of a BLEVE
A
Flame impingement.
Discolouration of the gas cylinder.
Distortion of the gas cylinder.
Activation f the relief valve (apart from normal rises in the ambient temperature level).
Relief valve sound becoming increasingly louder i.e. higher pitched.
22
Q
Three methods of isolating services?
A
Isolate dangers from a confined space.
Isolate of moving parts.
De-energise and lockout.
De-energise and tag out.
23
Q
Information on confined space entry permit?
A
Part 1: Preliminary Information.
Part 2: Isolation.
Part 3: Other precautions.
Part 4: Atmospheric test requirements.
Part 4: Atmospheric test requirements (continued).
Part 5: Personal protective equipment.
Part 6: Personal entering/vacating.
Part 7: Authorisation.
24
Q
Two reasons for fully encapsulated gas suits?
A
When a high level of splash protection is required.
When a harmful gas or vapour is present.
25
HAZCHEM codes, 3WE & 2PE? (HAZCHEM IMAGE)
3WE: Foam, V (substance can be violently or even explosively reactive , including combustion), LTS or FE suit with BA, contain spillage.
2PE: Fine spray, V (substance can be violently or even explosively reactive , including combustion), LTS or FE Suit with BA, Dilute spillage.
26
Four containment techniques used at a HAZMAT incident?
Containment techniques:
Up-righting and sealing leaking containers.
Allowing the leak to continue then handling appropriately.
Plugging and patching leaking containers.
Closing valves and closing and tightening lids.
Confinement tactics:
Diversion
Dyking
Retention
27
Draw DECON corridor?
28
Where to fit chains when 4wding
On all wheels or in the case of only having one pair the front wheels to assist with steering.
29
School zones when driving lights and sirens
Take all reasonable care and ensure lights and sirens are on. Use extreme caution, drive to conditions and adjust speed appropriately.
30
Considerations for positioning appliance at a scene
Approach the incident area quietly and purposefully. Look for extended accident scene. Turn off audible warning device shortly before arrival. Leave your beacons on.
Park in the fend off position if possible and consider:
Allow for access/egress for any other emergency vehicles.
Topography.
Water run off.
Position to protect the scene and personnel.
Allow for an exit route.
Position to allow for movement but slow other traffic.
Use hazard lights in addition to the warning lights.
Any hazardous materials involved.
Wind direction.
Position at least 30 metres from a burning vehicle.
Check for other hazards such as downed power lines, etc.
At a building fire be aware of falling debris, potential collapse, radiant heat, overhead power
lines, etc. Park 1.5 times height of building on corner.
At grass fires be aware of the possibility of a fire flank turning into a fire front with a wind
change.
Pump panel on the safe side and in view of the incident wherever possible.
Location of water supplies.
Airport: Emergency beacons off on tarmac (SOG10), be aware of injured/unconscious
persons on ground at crash scene.
31
Is it safe to enter a substation (possibly removed)
Substations are extremely dangerous and ACTF&R personnel must never make access or commence firefighting operations without the guidance of a representative from the electricity network provider.
32
Distance from energised car (possibly removed)
Stay at least 8m from objects that may be energised.
33
Three places for solar isolation (Possibly Removed)
Roof top isolator.
Inverter.
Meter box/switch board.
34
Define the term contemporaneous notes
For recording notes after or within a reasonable timeframe of an incident.
Can be written, sketches or diagrams and must be signed and dated.
These notes can be called as evidence in court proceeding and are considered more factual than memory.
35
Four things you might include in your contemporaneous notes
Incident information including incident number, dates and times.
Crew disposition.
Observations.
Your actions.
Any conversation with bystanders.
36
Describe how a ‘V’ pattern indicates the area of origin
Fire generally travels upwards and outwards, leaving in the absence of barriers or unusual fire conditions a V-shaped or conical pattern in the structure is left behind.
add photo
37
Three advantages of a fog pattern
Covers a larger surface area than the water spray.
Absorbs heat rapidly within a contained area.
Enhances the rate at which water is converted to steam, removing more heat from the
surrounding fire than a spray pattern.
Minimises the damage to property.
Maximises the effective use of water.
Provides protection to fire fighters from radiant heat.
38
Three methods of applying foam
Bank Down: This method can be used if there is a wall or other solid object behind the fire.
Aim the stream directly at the wall above the fire and let the foam blanket flow back toward
you.
Roll On: This method can be used in the absence of any features to use with the bank down
method. Start by gently laying foam down in front of the fire and let it build up. As foam
builds up in quantity it will ‘roll’ forward and blanket the fire.
Rain Down: Foam streams may also be aimed above the fire, and the foam allowed to rain
onto it. Convection currents from the fire may disperse the foam before it can reach the fire.
CAFS: Direct Attack – Wet foam – 0.3%, Indirect Attack – Medium Foam – 0.5%, Exposure
Protection – Dry Foam – 0.8%.
WHERE IS THIS FROM?
39
What does each colour of the extinguisher represent
Water - Red band - Class A Solids.
Foam - Blue band - Class B Liquids.
Dry chemical - White band Classes C Gases ,D Metals.
CO2 - Black band - Class E Energised electrical equipment.
Wet chemical - Oatmeal band - Class F fats and oils.
40
What does EWIS stand for
Emergency warning and Intercommunication System.
41
Purpose of EWIS
EWIS systems are required in larger buildings and buildings over 25 metres in height.
An EWIS system allows occupants to be alerted to an emergency situation via an alert tone,
and/or be told to evacuate via and evacuation message.
Instructions can be issued from the EWIS panel to all building occupants via a public address
system
42
Process of evacuating a building
Evacuate the floor the fire is on.
Evacuate the 2 floors above the fire.
Evacuate the floor below the fire.
It may be better to adopt a ‘protect in place’ strategy.
Evacuation may involve leading the occupants down a pressurised stair well or to the roof
top if stairwells are impassable. If building is under 25m in height and the stairwell is not
pressurised, firefighters can pressurise the stairwell manually with a PPV fan.
WHERE IS THIS FROM?
43
Resus kit daily check
Check bag and zips are in good condition.
Attach pressure reducer.
Open (all the way 1/4 turn back) and ensure pressure of at least 100 bar .
Open and check oxygen therapy control valve.
Connect demand valve and resus bag and squeeze to ensure correct refill.
Check the suction device.
Close cylinder.
Release pressure.
Check all inventory.
B.A section inspect and test every 6 months ensure in date.
44
Forcible entry – Order of entry in sequence and why is the sequence important
Glass.
Timber.
Masonry.
This order is due to the speed and ease of entry but also important due to the ease and cost of repair.
45
Three pieces of small gear for forcible entry
Halligan Tool.
Axes.
Sledge Hammer.
Bolt Cutters.
Crowbar.
Pinch Bar.
Saws.
Tool Box.
Rescue Equipment.
Forcible Entry Kit (Hand hydraulics).
46
Importance of reporting forcible entry to the SO
Other crews may have already made entry.
May add dangerous/unnecessary ventilation, especially if other crews are inside.
Will be important for police and fire investigations.
47
Stand clear distance when winching
1.5 times the length of the recovery rigging. Consider if its 2:1 mechanical advantage.
48
Accident or injury reporting mechanism?
Riskman is the online reporting system for accidents, incidents and near misses. Found on the intranet under Brigade forms.
Person completes report and forwards to SO.
SO completes their part of the report and forwards to relevant Commander for review.
Commander forwards report to F&R HR Commander who will post the report onto the system.
49
Four main daywork support areas?
BA Section.
Training and Development.
Community Safety.
Specialised Operations.
Capability Support.
Special Projects.
50
Five uses of the ladder? (CRAB V).
Crawl-board - on fragile roofing or flooring.
Rescue - one of the most important uses, often the only way to get people out of two storey buildings.
Access - both above and below.
Bridging - from one obstacle to another.
Ventilation - access ceiling space of roof.
51
Max lift when draughting?
Calculated maximum lift at sea level is 10m for clean water.
Due to the ACT being 600m above sea level and many other reasons practical lift is 7.5m.
52
Three indicators of cavitation?
The pump will make noise like there were many small stones passing through. (this is imploding vapour bubbles)
The engine evolutions will increase. (the engine is not pushing as much water so the engine does not have to work as hard)
When operating from a hydrant supply, the compound gauge will show a negative pressure and the collector hose will go soft. (over running supply)
When droughting, the compound gauge will show the maximum lift (will drop below -75kPa)
Decrease in delivery flow.
53
Four pump cooling techniques?
Open an unused high pressure delivery onto the ground.
Open an unused high pressure delivery into the tank filler.
Open branches regularly.
Connect a main delivery to the tank filler point.
Disengage the high pressure pump when not required.
Throttle back when high pressures are not required.
Supplementary pump cooling ('P' series Varley).
High pressure reel use will cool both HP and main pump.
Main pump use will only cool main pump.
54
Why should onboard water be refilled ASAP?
Should be filled prior to closing tank to pump valve.
Ensure if the external supply is compromised the on board supply can be used until another supply can be connected.
55
Two causes of decrease in pressure on positive side of compound gauge?
Other users on the same main.
A branch being opened.
Kinks being taken out of a delivery hose line.
Standpipe being partially turned off.
Weight applied to collector line or kinks in the collector line.
56
Four requirements of an effective knot?
Serve the purpose
Be easy to tie
Be easy to untie
Not damage the line
Easily identifiable
57
Purpose of salvage operations? (Possibly removed)
Salvage describes the actions taken during and immediately after the fire to minimise the damage caused by fire and by the water used to extinguish it.
58
Three phases of salvage operations?
Preventative.
Protective.
Recovery.
59
Describe overhaul?
Overhaul involves the systematic checking, turning over and wetting down of structural materials and contents to ensure that no pockets of fire still exist.
60
Four benefits of overhaul?
Locates hidden fires.
Prevents rekindling of the fire.
Helps determine the cause of the fire.
Aids in recognising and preserving evidence of arson or other crimes.
Prevents unnecessary damage.
Ensure that the building is left in a safe condition.
61
Describe ventilation?
Ventilation is the planned and systematic removal of smoke, heated air and gases from a structure, and their replacement with cooler, cleaner air.
62
Four considerations prior to ventilating?
Whether the fire has been completely extinguished.
The prevailing wind direction and strength.
The location for the inlet and outlet vents.
The number of rooms to be ventilated.
Which rooms are of priority.
The number of fans that will be required.
The manner in which these fans will be deployed (single, series, parallel).
The availability of firefighters to implement ventilation.
The likely impact imposed by the noise of the PPV fan.
The likely impact of any exhaust fumes.
63
Three considerations for making up an appliance?
If possible, ‘strip’ only one appliance at a time. This ensures that as the incident draws to a close, the extra appliances are fully stowed and ready to respond to other calls as required.
The motor drivers are responsible for all equipment on their appliances, so if you take something – let them know.
Most equipment is colour coded to assist with identification of which appliance it belongs on.
Ensure that all gear is cleaned, dried, re-greased as necessary (Power Lube, etc.) and tested before it is put back on the appliance.
On return to station replace all used equipment (extinguishers, cylinders, etc.) and properly dispose of items such as surgical gloves and Hudson masks.
64
Three considerations for re-stowing an appliance?
Generally the spare appliance only requires the addition of cabin gear (maps, keys, etc.) and personal equipment (BA masks, etc.). However some specialist equipment such as gas detectors and thermal cameras may also need to be transferred.
Make a note of all gear you have transferred so that it can be put back when your mainline appliance is returned. Make sure other shifts are aware of this list (at hand-over, note in occurrence book/ station diary, etc.).
Check the inventory of the appliance you are re-stowing on to.
Check the operation and condition (including body damage) of the appliance, pump and all equipment.
Check the operation of the fitted radios.
65
Five R’s?
Five R's. Report, Rectify, Replace, Repair, Re-stow.
Report the fault to the Station Officer.
Rectify the problem (if possible) at the station.
Replace the item or exchange (for equipment such as extinguishers).
Repair – liaise with the Brigade Workshops or Technical Operational Support Section (TOSS) and arrange for repair.
Re-stow may be necessary, depending on the nature of the problem.
66
Four signs of impending trench collapse?
Parallel cracks.
Fretting.
Slumping.
Bulging Walls.
Deflection and creaking of shoring.
67
Six questions the OIC should ask excavator at trench collapse?
What has happened?
How many victims are there?
Where in the trench were they last seen?
How deep is the trench?
What is the purpose of the trench?
What has been done so far?
68
Info required to pass onto the IC for a USAR call?
Incident location.
Type and magnitude of incident.
Current situation.
Cause of collapse.
Type and number of casualties.
Environmental and other hazards.
69
Decipher USAR structure markings?
70
Decipher USAR victim markings
71
How can hydrants be located?
By a 'FH' embossed metal plate affixed to the gutter.
On the road adjacent is a blue 'cats-eye' usually located next to the centre line on the side that the hydrant is located. A small arrow may also be printed on the 'cats-eye' pointing to the hydrant.
ACTF&R appliance MDTs also have the capability to assist in locating hydrants overlaid on
the maps.
Contacting ComCen for nearest hydrant location.
72
What’s inside a booster cabinet?
Connection points which allow FF's to connect to internal hydrant system to boost pressure.
Some systems have their own pumps.
Usually twin 65mm storz with a pressure gauge above stating operating pressure.
Access to mains supply is next to boost-able storz couplings or close by.
Block plan.
Sign with maximum test and operating pressures.
73
Type of map for fire trials?
Topographical maps and a compass.
74
Two methods to confirm a location of a bushfire?
Fire tower reports.
Aircraft.
The public.
Other agency staff.
75
Three advantages of using CAFS?
Very efficient foam production
Long discharge and stronger jet reaction
Uses less water and lasts longer
CAFS pre-treatment of structure can last from 2-6 hours depending on application and
weather.
76
Two considerations when siting a pumper when protecting a house from wildfire?
Site the appliance behind the structure (’lee side’)
Ensure hoses are long enough to reach all the way around the structure
Have an emergency exit route planned
If residents are present, advise to remain in structure.
77
What are surface fuels and ladder fuels?
Surface Fuels – are fuels on the ground such as grass, forest litter, small herbs and shrubs.
Ladder Fuels – A continuous ladder of fuels from the ground surface to the crown of the
vegetation encourages crown fire development due to an unbroken arrangement of fine
fuels.
78
Three measurements for fuel hazard assessment?
Surface fuel hazard
Elevated fuel hazard
Bark hazard.
79
Four indicators of LPG on a vehicle and actions to manage?
Will have red diamond in centre of rego plate with letter LPG or CNG.
May have 2 external filler points.
Toggle switch on dash.
Spare tyre may be mounted elsewhere as the wheel well may be used for gas cylinder.
Compliance plate under bonnet.
Actions to manage:
- Turn the ignition key to ‘OFF’.
- Isolate the gas supply at, or near, the cylinder, ensure that ALL cylinders are isolated.
- Disconnect the battery.
80
Name the parts of a car?
81
Eight stages of road crash rescue?
PRIGEDRT
Preparation - maintenance of tools and regular training in realistic situations.
Response - safe travel to scene, approach incident quietly and purposefully, position appliance to protect incident. Liaise with other services.
Incident management - inner and outer circle assessments, hazard controls, equipment staging.
Gaining access - make rapid and safe access making sure to not make the situation worse.
Emergency care - follow DRSABCD.
Disentanglement - disentangle to allow extrication by methods of Disassembly, Distortion, Displacement, Severance.
Removal and Transfer - remove from vehicle. Transfer to ACTAS vehicle.
Termination - final checks and clean up.
82
Six factors when positioning an appliance?
Position as close as possible to the rescue incident without impending the operation and
consider scene/evidence preservation.
Allow access/egress for other emergency vehicles if at all possible, particularly ambulances.
Position vehicles so as to maximise the effect of the on-board lighting system.
If possible, ensure the rescue vehicle is facing the right direction to access power equipment.
Topography of the surrounding area, including bens in the road, crests etc.
Water run-off from pump or firefighting activity.
83
Four signs of operational stress?
Increased consumption of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes.
Increased unexplained absence.
Failure to reach promotion levels.
Decreased work performance.
Not acting like themselves.
Talking less.
84
When can BA be removed at a structure fire?
A BA wearer can only remove their BA when they have exited the structure, are clear of the
hazard area and are in clean, fresh air.
85
Two uses for a halligan tool during a rescue?
Sweeping the floor in front to assess whether it's safe to move forward.
To extend the search distance between to two members of search teams.
Used with a sledge hammer to force hinges and doors open.
86
Two reasons for a hose line for search and rescue?
A means of readily identifying the exit route.
To control the environment they are in or dealing with an escalation in fire conditions.
87
What should you communicate during a CAN report?
The conditions you are encountering (eg heavy smoke and heat).
The actions you are taking (eg have found the seat of the fire and suppressing).
The needs you require (require a second team to continue search and rescue).
Plus Personal accountability report (PAR) when asked or on exit of a structure.
88
Swift water terminology
Upstream is towards the source of the river.
Downstream is in the direction the river flows.
River left and right are taken when looking downstream.
89
Agency responsibilities at an RCR incident
AFP:
Overall scene management.
Crowd control.
Traffic control.
Accident investigation.
Coronial investigation.
ACTF&R:
Primary rescue agency.
Patient extrication.
Firefighting.
ACTAS:
All aspects of patient care.
90
Managing Hybrid/Electric vehicles
Chock wheels with 100x100.
Notify SO of vehicle type.
Apply park brake and select park gear.
Ensure ignition is off.
Remove keys atleast 5m from vehicle.
Do not cut of try disconnect any orange cabling (high voltage).
91
ARCHER vert rescue meaning
Anchors.
Reeving.
Carabiners.
Harness.
Equipment.
Ropes.
92
Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Action Circle assessment distances
Inner Circle – 2 to 5metres, is an assessment of the scene that looks at the inside, under, over and around the vehicle to determine number of casualties, types of injuries, types of entrapment. Also looks for any hazards directly surrounding the incident.
Outer Circle – Up to 30m and beyond depending on the incident. Looks for any initial hazards and other potential hazards and casualties.
Action Circle – 1 to 3 metres, is the work area.
93
Positions at a vertical rescue incident
Incident controller.
Operations officer.
Safety officer.
Edge controller.
Patient access/litter attendant.
Haul team.
94
LAST vertical rescue meaning
Locate.
Access.
Stabilise.
Transport.
95
HazMat response sequence (IPICDM)
Identify.
PPE.
Isolate.
Contain.
Decon.
Monitor.
