Major Depressive Disorder Flashcards
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness or a lack of interest in external stimuli.
Epidemiology
-15% de prevalencia
-Mayormente en feminas
-Edades de 18-25
-Mayormente non-whites with low income
-LGBTQ+ community
Etiology Genetic Predisposition
-Approximately 18% of patients with MDD have at least one first-degree relative with a history of depression
-Family history represents 1.5 to 3 times the likelihood of developing MDD
Etiology Risk Factors (SAD GRIM)
-Sex
-Age
-Disparities
-Gender
-Resources
-Isolates (Martial status)
-Money
Clinical Presentation
-Emotional
-Cognitive
-Physical
-Psychomotor
Pathophysiology
Neurochemical Dysregulation
-Monoamine hypothesis
Neuroendocrine Dysregulation
-Hypothalamic Pituitary
Adrenal and Thyroid
systems
Neuroanatomic Abnormalities
-Abnormalities in
cerebral regions with
norepinephrine and
serotonin
neurotransmission
Monoamine Hypothesis
Deficits in the brain concentration of monoamines (DA, NE, 5-HT), specifically in the synaptic cleft.
Serotonin Hypothesis
Low concentration of Serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Inhibition of SERT are treatment for MDD.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Dysregulation
Chronic stress activates HPA for high levels of cortisol. MDD may be active alongside with anxiety.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Thyroid System Dysregulation
TH regulates our moods sometimes and Hypothyrodism may lead to MDD
Diagnostic Criteria
-At least 5 symptoms consistently present over a 2-week period
-Symptoms must include depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of interest)
-Symptoms must cause substantial distress or impairment in functioning.
-Other medical conditions or substance use do not account for symptoms.
-There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.
