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Applied Head and Neck Anatomy > Major Blood Vessels of Head and Neck > Flashcards

Major Blood Vessels of Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the main branches off the aortic arch

A
  • Arch of the aorta splits into Brachiocephalic trunk on the left
  • Brachiocephalic splits into right subclavian and right common carotid
  • Left common carotid branches directly off the aorta
  • Left subclavian direct branch off the aorta
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2
Q

Which arteries of the neck arise off the the right subclavian?

A

Vertebral, internal thoracic and thyrocervical arteries

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3
Q

What are the 2 branches of the left common carotid artery?

A

Internal and External

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4
Q

At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

At the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

(around C4 in the carotid triangle)

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5
Q

From where do the vertebral arteries arise?

A

From the left and right subclavian arteries

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6
Q

Describe the route of the vertebral arteries from the subclavian arteries

A
  • Ascend from subclavian arteries through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae C6 → C1
  • Pass through the foramen magnum into the skull and join together froming the Basilar artery
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7
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

The brain

(along with the internal carotid arteries)

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8
Q

How does the internal carotid artery enter the skill?

A

Through the carotid canal in the temporal bone

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9
Q

What is clinically significant about the bifurcation of the carotid artery?

A

A common site for atheroma formation

  • Causes stenosis of the artery
  • Clot rupture can travel to brain causing TIA/ Stroke
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10
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Swelling at the site of carotid artery bifurcation where baroreceptors are located

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11
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Area at carotid artery bifurcation with rich blood supply with peripheral chemoreceptors which detect arterial O2

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12
Q

Which nerves can be accessed via the carotid triangle?

A

Vagus and hypoglossal

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13
Q

When would carotid sinus massage be used? How does it work?

A

In supraventricular tachycardia

Massage increases blood pressure detected by baroreceptors activating parasympathetic NS

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14
Q

Describe the route of the internal carotid artery

A
  • Enters the skull through carotid canal in temporal bone
  • Turns medially and horizontally
  • Enters cranial cavity and makes S shaped bend through to cavernous sinus
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15
Q

What structures does the internal carotid artery supply?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Eyes
  3. Forehead
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16
Q

What structures are contained within the cavernous sinus?

A
  • internal carotid artery
  • Cranial Nerve 3 (occulomotor)
  • Cranial Nerve 4 (trochlear)
  • Cranial Nerve 6 (abducent)
  • 2 branches of trigeminal nerve
17
Q

Where does the Opthalmic artery branch from?

A

Internal Carotid Artery

18
Q

Name the branches of the opthalmic nerve

A
  • Ethmoidal arteries
  • Supratrochlear artery
  • Supra-orbital artery
19
Q

Name the Branches of the External Carotid Artery (there are 8!)

A
  1. Superior Thyroid
  2. Ascending Pharangeal
  3. Lingual
  4. Facial
  5. Occpital
  6. Posterior auricular
  7. Maxillary
  8. Superficial Temporal
20
Q

Which branches of the external carotid artery are considered terminal?

A

Maxillary and Superficial Temporal

21
Q

What are the layers of the Scalp?

A
22
Q

Describe the blood supply to the scalp

A
23
Q

What is the significant of many anastamoses between extra cranial and intracranial veins of the scalp?

A

Provide a potential route for infection to spread across the cranial cavity

24
Q

Give the reasons why cuts to the scalp often bleed profusely

A
  1. Numerous anastomoses
  2. artery walls closely attached to connective tissue limits artery constriction
  3. Lacerations of epicranial aponeurosis are pulled open by occipitofrontalis
25
Q

Where do the superficial arteries of the face all arise from?

A

All from external carotid except supra-orbital and supratrochlear (from internal carotid)

26
Q

Where can the facial artery be felt?

A

At the inferior border of the mandible, anterior to masseter muscle

27
Q

Where does the nasal septum get its blood supply from?

A

Septal branch of sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary)

Anterior ethmoidal arteries

28
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s area and what is it’s clinical signifcance?

A

Are of anastamoses of arteries in nasal septum

Common site for nose bleeds (epistaxis)

29
Q

Which arteries supply the dura and the skull?

A

Posterior and anterior branches of middle meningeal artery

30
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Pterion of the skull?

A

Pterion is the weakest point of the skull

The Middle Memingeal artery runs under pterion so fracture of the skull at this point can lacerate the MMA

Blood accumulation between dura matter and skull causes extradural haemorrhage

31
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the head and neck

A
  • Venous drainage of the brain and meninges: Supplied by the dural venous sinuses.
  • Venous drainage of the scalp and face: Drained by veins synonymous with the arteries of the face and scalp. These empty into the internal and external jugular veins.
  • Venous drainage of the neck: Carried out by the anterior jugular veins.
32
Q

How does venous drainage of the scalp connect to diploic veins of the skull and what is the clinical signifcance of this?

A

Via emissary veins which are valveless

Infection from scalp can spread to cranial cavity and affect the meninges

33
Q

Where do facial veins drain into?

A

The pterygoid venous plexus

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of facial veins draining to pterygoid venous plexus?

A
  • infection from facial vein can spread to dural venous sinuses
  • thrombophlebitis of facial vein- infected clot can travel to intracranial venous system
35
Q

What is the danger triangle?

A

Area of the face with extensive communication between extra and intra cranial veins

Infections from face can track intra-cranially resulting in serious infection

36
Q

What is the sigmoid sinus?

A

Continuation of the dural venous sinus that becomes the internal jugular vein

37
Q

Describe the route of the IJV

A

Runs legnth of neck in the carotid sheath in a straight line from lobule of ear to sternoclavicular joint

Mainly covered by SCM

38
Q

Where can central lines be inserted into the IJV?

A

At the point SCM splits into clavicular and sternal heads

Applied Head and Neck Anatomy (15 decks)

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