major approaches and how we learn

Question 1

What are the 3 types of research strategies or approaches that are used within Cognitive Psychology? Name and briefly describe each one

Answer 1

EXPERIMENTAL COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- observing performance on cognitive tasks

COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
- studying cognitive performance of brain damaged patients

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
- measuring brain activity using EEG, FMRI etc whilst engaging in cognitive tasks.

Question 1

What is the main ideas and predictions of levels of processing approaching

Answer 1

The level/depth of processing during learning determines what is stored in LTM

Question 2

Describe a classic study of LoP such as the one by Craik & Tulving (1975)

Answer 2

INCIDENTAL LEARNING PROCEDURE
- 48 words under three levels of processing, some words appeared more than once.
- levels of processing: visual, phonemic, semantic.
- results supported levels of processing effect as semantic was most correct answers.

Question 3

What did Craik and Craik and Tulving have to say about the elaboration of processing

Answer 3

Elaboration matters - words accompanied by complex sentences are remmebered better than simple sentences

Question 4

Describe the transfer appropriate processing (TAP) of long term memory

Answer 4

deeper is not always better
encoding matters but so does retrieval conditions

Question 5

How did Morris, Bransford and Franks (1977) test the predictions of the TAP veiw

Answer 5

• They believed memory depends on the requirements of the memory test.
• memory was tested by a standard recognition test or rhyming recognition test.
• results showed that semantic processing typically produces better memory - more meanigful.

Question 6

What evaluation do EK8 offer of the levels of processing approach?

Answer 6

STRENGTHS:
- The approach lead to the identification of elaboration and distinctivness of processing as important factors in learning and memory.
- provided a powerful set of expereimental techniques for exploring memory

LIMITATIONS:
- Underestimated the importance of retrieval environment for memory
- depth elaboration and distinctivness have not been defined.

Question 7

What is the testing effect

Answer 7

it states that retreival practice is most effective for LTM

Question 8

Describe exp 1 by Roediger and Karpicke (2006)

Answer 8

students were in one of 2 conditions
- condition 1 = STUDY STUDY study a prose passage, the restudy the passage (7mins each)
- condition 2 = STUDY TEST study passage for 7 mins, recall it imeediatley after.

Final retention test 5 mins, 2 days, 1 week later.

Results: 5 mins (study study), 2 days and 1 week (study test)

Question 9

What is implicit learning

Answer 9

Saevland and Norman (2016) defined it as learning that occurs without full conscious awareness of the regularities contained in the learning material itself and that learning has occured.

EG singing a song, brushing teeth

Question 10

What is a serial reaction time (SRI) task?

Answer 10

• used to find evidence of implicit learning
• ppts press a key in response to location of the stimulus on the screen
• some where reapeted, and a new sequence shown towards the end.

RESULTS:
- ppts speed up over trials
-slower response during new sequence
- SO NOT COMPLETELY IMPLICIT AS SOME PPTS ARE AWARE OF WHAT THEY HAVE LEARNT.

Question 11

Describe the study by Haider et al. (2011)? What was their aim

Answer 11

• TEASING APART THE IMPLICIT FROM THE EXPLICIT
• ppts had to respond to the colour word rather than the ink
• some ppts had a drop in reaction time due to explicit awareness of the SRT sequence.