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BMS 501 > Macrophages and Early Response to Microbial Invasion > Flashcards

Macrophages and Early Response to Microbial Invasion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

it is condensed chromatin - segmented

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2
Q

What are neutrophils considered in regards to a bacterial infection?

A

it is the first line of defense

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3
Q

How long do neutrophils circulate?

A

8-10 hours

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4
Q

What are neutrophils removed by?

A

migration into the gut or by Kuepfer cells in the liver

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5
Q

How long can neutrophils live in normal tissue?

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

In tissues, how do neutrophils die?

A

via apoptosis

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7
Q

Are neutrophils innate or adaptive?

A

innate

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8
Q

What is the origin of neutrophils and macrophages?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

Where are macrophages located?

A

in tissue

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10
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

sentinel cells, present antigen, kill and phagocytose bacteria, repair themselves, part of chronic infection, accumulate if neutrophil fails

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11
Q

What type of inflammation is associated with neutrophils?

A

acute

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12
Q

Is a macrophage or a neutrophil associeated with abcesses?

A

neutrophil

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13
Q

Is a macrophage or a neutrophil associeated with granulomas?

A

macrophages

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14
Q

What are the central roles that a macrophage plays in the immune system?

A

antigen presentation, sentinel cells, phagocytosis

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15
Q

Where are resident macrophages located?

A

bone, liver, brain, kidney, lung

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16
Q

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in bone?

A

osteoclasts for remodeling

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17
Q

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the liver?

A

Kupffer cell for removing bacteria

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18
Q

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the brain?

A

microglial cells for clean up

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19
Q

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the kidney?

A

mesangial cell for trapping and removal of bacteria

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20
Q

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the lungs?

A

Pams for cleaning up bacteria

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21
Q

What is a sentinel cell?

A

defender cells that detect microbial entry and release pro-inflammatory cytokines to protect themselves and the cell

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22
Q

What are the types of sentinel cells?

A

dendrites, mast cells, and macrophages

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23
Q

Where are the patern recognition receptors found?

A

on cell surfaces and intercellular membranes

24
Q

What do PRRs bind to and what is their function?

A

they bind to pAMPs and dAMPS to initiate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, produce IL2 (for NK cells), and produce nitroc oxide

25
Q

What is a pAMP?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns: molecules produced by microorganisms but not mammalian cells

26
Q

What is a dAMP?

A

damage associated molecular patterns: molecules found within mammalian cells and released when the cell is damaged or dies

27
Q

How to pAMPs and dAMPs work?

A

Bind to PRR to Upregulate proinflammatory cytokines which activate the innate immune system, neutrophils, macrophages, and the adaptive immune system to be ready to respond

28
Q

What does a macrophage do when something has bound to its pattern recognition receptor?

A

Initiate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, produce IL2 (for NK cells), and produce nitroc oxide

29
Q

Define inflammasome.

A

complex in the cytosol that is important in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

30
Q

What are major pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL1, IL6, and TNFs

31
Q

How would the body react if small amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

A

local inflammation

32
Q

How would the body react if moderate amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

A

animal looks and feels sick - fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, neutrophilia

33
Q

How would the body react if large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

A

vasodilation, damages endothelial cells, low cardiac output, lung fills with fluid (septic shock) – can kill you

34
Q

Explain the immunologic basis for the most common reason why a puppy may develop a low-grade fever and be lethargic 24 hours after a vaccination.

A

Moderate quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines

35
Q

How long does it take for the acute phase protein response to occur?

A

made within 24 hours

36
Q

Where does the acute phase protein response occur?

A

in the liver

37
Q

What is the purpose of the acute phase protein response?

A

control the infection until antigen specific response can happen

38
Q

What are the major acute phase proteins?

A

serum amyloid A and P, and C reactive protein

39
Q

What is the function of C reactive protein?

A

acts like an opsonin and activates compliment

40
Q

What is the funciton of serum amyloid P?

A

can activate compliment

41
Q

What is the function of serum amyloid A?

A

it is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells

42
Q

What does negative acute phase protein mean?

A

a protein that goes down in the inflammatory response

43
Q

What is an example of a negatibe acute phase protein?

A

albumin

44
Q

What are the 3 general types of macrophage activation?

A

innate, classical activation, and alternative activation

45
Q

What molecules are associated with innate microphage activation?

A

PRRs which are activated by pAMPs and dAMPS

46
Q

What is the function of innate macrophage activation?

A

lysosomal enzyme production and phagocytosis

47
Q

What molecules are associated with classical activation of macrophages?

A

M1 macrophages activated by interferon gamma

48
Q

What is interferon gamma secreted by?

A

T1 helper cells and NK cells

49
Q

What is the function of classical activation of macrophages?

A

produce nitric oxide, proinflammatoru, antimicrobial, early in response

50
Q

What molecules are associated with alternative activation of macrophages?

A

IL4, IL10, and IL13 - M2 macrophages

51
Q

What is the function of alternative activation of macrophages?

A

tissue repair, promote healing, late in response, decreased killing, increased MHC II expression

52
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

53
Q

What causes redness and heat?

A

increased permeability and dilation of blood

54
Q

What causes swelling?

A

increased vascular permeability

55
Q

What causes pain?

A

prostaglandins which act on nerve endings, swelling too

56
Q

What causes loss of function?

A

the pain and swelling

BMS 501 (15 decks)

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