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Nutrition And Diet Therapy > Macronutrients > Flashcards

Macronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats

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2
Q

Low GI Foods

A

Oats, Legumes, some fruits

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Simple Carbs
Complex Carbs
Fiber

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4
Q

The Glycemic Index

A

Low GI Foods
Medium GI Foods
High GI Foods

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5
Q

Carbohydrates and Energy

A

Glucose Conversion
Insulin Response
Glycogen Storage
Energy Production

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6
Q

Proteins

A

Animal Protein
Prant Protein
Protein Combining

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7
Q

Protein Combining Example

A

Rice and Beans

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8
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

Muscle Building
Genetic Material
Immune Function
Enzymes

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9
Q

Protein Digestion and Absorption

A

I. Stomach
II. Small Intestine
III. Absorption
IV. Utilization

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10
Q

Break down proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach

A

Pepsin

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11
Q

Breakdown smaller peptides into amino acids in the small intestines

A

Pancreatic Enzymes

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12
Q

Fats Essential for Health

A

Saturated Fats
Unsaturated fats
Trans Fats

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13
Q

Sources of Omega 3 fatty acid

A

Fatty fish, Flaxseeds, walnuts

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14
Q

Sources of Omega 6 fatty acids

A

Vegetable oils and Nuts

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15
Q

Aim for balanced intake of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids for optimal health

A

Balanced Ratio

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16
Q

Fat Digestion and Absorption

A

Emulsification
Enzymatic Breakdown
Micelle Formation
Lymphatic Transport

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17
Q

Functions of Fats

A

Energy Storage
Nutrient Absorption
Brain Function
Organ Protection

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18
Q

Functions of Fats

A

Energy Storage
Nutrient Absorption
Brain Function
Organ Protection

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19
Q

Fat Soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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20
Q

Fat Soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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21
Q

Bile from the liver breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets

A

Emulsification

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22
Q

Bile from the liver breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets

A

Emulsification

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23
Q

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipase Enzymes

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24
Q

Shows how much a nutrient contributes to daily recommended intake

A

Percent Daily Value

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25
Q

Macronutrients and Health Conditions

A

Diabetes - carb control
Heart disease - limit saturated fats
Kidney disease - monitor protein intake
Celiac disease - avoid gluten-containing carbs

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26
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies

A

Fatigue
Weak bones
Skin Issues
Cognitive Problems

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27
Q

Importance of a Balanced Diet

A

Variety
Whole Foods
Moderation
Consultation

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28
Q

Essential for growth, development, and overall health maintenance

A

Micronutrients

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29
Q

Crucial for bone health, fluid balance, and various enzymatic reactions

A

Minerals

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30
Q

Macrominerals

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Magnesium
  4. Sodium
  5. Potassium
  6. Chloride
  7. Sulfur
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31
Q

Trace Minerals

A

MIZICCFS

Manganese
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium

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32
Q

What is the generic name for Sublimaze?

A

Fentanyl citrate

Fentanyl is a potent narcotic used for pain relief in labor.

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33
Q

What are the routes and dosages for Fentanyl citrate?

A

IM/IV: 25-50 mcg or IM: 50-100 mcg

Dosage varies based on the route of administration.

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34
Q

What is the onset time for IV Fentanyl citrate?

A

1-2 minutes

The peak effect occurs within 3-5 minutes.

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35
Q

What is a key consideration when administering Fentanyl citrate in labor?

A

Watch for respiratory depression in neonates

Fentanyl crosses the placenta and can affect newborns.

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36
Q

What is the generic name for Morphine sulfate?

A

Morphine sulfate

It is commonly used for pain relief in labor.

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37
Q

What is the dosage for Morphine sulfate when given IV?

A

2-5 mg q4h

Dosage may vary based on the route and timing.

38
Q

What is the onset time for IV Morphine sulfate?

A

3-10 minutes

The peak effect occurs in about 20 minutes.

39
Q

What should be available as an antidote when using Morphine sulfate?

A

Naloxone

Naloxone is used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioids.

40
Q

True or False: Morphine sulfate can cause withdrawal symptoms in neonates.

A

True

Withdrawal symptoms may occur if the mother is narcotic-dependent.

41
Q

What is the generic name for Stadol?

A

Butorphanol tartrate

It is a mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist used for pain relief.

42
Q

What is the onset time for Butorphanol tartrate when administered IV?

A

5-10 minutes

The peak effect occurs within 4-5 minutes.

43
Q

What is a key consideration when using Butorphanol tartrate in labor?

A

Avoid use in opiate-dependent clients

It may precipitate withdrawal syndrome.

44
Q

What is the generic name for Nubain?

A

Nalbuphine

It is also a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist used for pain relief.

45
Q

What is the onset time for Nalbuphine?

A

2-3 minutes

The peak effect occurs in 2-3 minutes.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Anesthesia in labor and delivery represents the loss of painful sensations with or without loss of _______.

A

consciousness

Anesthesia can be used to manage pain during childbirth.

47
Q

What are the two types of pain experienced during labor?

A
  • Visceral pain
  • Somatic pain

Visceral pain originates from the cervix and uterus, while somatic pain is due to pressure and stretching.

48
Q

What is the brand name for Hydroxyzine pamoate?

A

Vistaril

It is a sedative-hypnotic used for anxiety and sedation.

49
Q

What is the route and dosage for Hydroxyzine pamoate for anxiety?

A

PO: 25-100 mg

It can also be administered IM for preoperative sedation.

50
Q

What is a common adverse effect of using Promethazine?

A

Respiratory depression

This risk is particularly relevant if administered near delivery.

51
Q

What is the generic name for Seconal?

A

Secobarbital

It is used to decrease anxiety during the latent phase of labor.

52
Q

What is a key consideration when using Secobarbital?

A

No effects on uterine tone or contractility

It crosses the placenta and can affect the fetus.

53
Q

What is the dosage for Pentobarbital (Nembutal)?

A

IV: Initial: 100-200 mg

It is a short-acting barbiturate used as a sedative.

54
Q

What is the purpose of postnatal surfactant therapy?

A

Prevention and treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Surfactant therapy is crucial for newborns with RDS.

55
Q

What is the generic name for Curosurf?

A

Poractant alfa

It is administered to manage respiratory distress in newborns.

56
Q

What is a contraindication for Poractant alfa?

A

Previous hypersensitivity to any component

This must be checked before administration.

57
Q

What is a potential adverse reaction of surfactant therapy?

A

Increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus

Other reactions may include hypotension and apnea.

58
Q

What is the dosage for Beractant (Survanta) when used for prophylaxis in infants at risk for RDS?

A

4 ml/kg per dose, administered intratracheally; 1 dose within 15 min of birth, repeat in 6 h if respiratory distress continues, maximum of 4 doses in 24 h.

59
Q

What are the adverse reactions associated with surfactant therapy?

A
  • Increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus
  • Hypotension
  • Transient oxygen desaturation
  • Apnea
  • Flushing
60
Q

True or False: Calfactant (Infasurf) requires reconstitution before administration.

A

False

61
Q

What is the primary use of Dinoprostone cervical gel (Prepidil)?

A

To ripen an unfavorable cervix at or near term in pregnant women needing labor induction.

62
Q

What is the maximum dosage of Dinoprostone cervical gel that can be administered in 24 hours?

A

1.5 mg, supplied in 3 doses.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The two approaches for labor induction include _______ and _______.

A
  • Mechanical methods
  • Prostaglandins
64
Q

What are the indications for labor induction?

A
  • Pregnancy-induced hypertension
  • Chronic hypertension
  • Membrane rupture >24 hrs
  • Chorioamnionitis
  • Postdates (>42 weeks’ gestation)
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
  • Positive contraction stress test
  • Maternal diabetes (classes B-F)
  • Maternal renal disease
  • Isoimmunization
  • Intrauterine fetal death
65
Q

What is a contraindication to labor induction?

A
  • Cephalopelvic disproportion
  • Unfavorable fetal presentation
  • Documented fetal intolerance of uterine contractions
  • Prematurity
  • Placenta previa or suspected abruption placentae
  • Severe pregnancy-induced hypertension
  • Multifetal gestation
  • History of uterine trauma
  • Active genital herpes infection
  • Umbilical cord prolapse
66
Q

What are Uretropic drugs used for?

A

To enhance uterine contractility by stimulating the smooth muscle of the uterus.

67
Q

Which opioid has the fastest onset when administered intravenously during labor?

A

Fentanyl

68
Q

What is the concentration of Chlorprocaine used in obstetric anesthesia?

A

1-2%

69
Q

What should be done if a patient experiences dinoprostone-induced fever?

A

Treat with tepid baths and increased fluids; do not treat with Aspirin.

70
Q

What is the typical dosage for Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) for postpartum hemorrhage?

A

PO: 0.2-0.4 mg, q6-12h; IV: same as for IM, but slowly over 1 min.

71
Q

What is the route of administration for Calfactant (Infasurf)?

A

Intratracheal

72
Q

Fill in the blank: The adverse reactions of Calfactant include _______ and _______.

A
  • Bradycardia
  • Airway obstruction
73
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of surfactants like Beractant?

A

Lowers surface tension on alveolar surfaces during respiration and stabilizes alveoli against collapse at resting pressures.

74
Q

What is the recommended monitoring after administering Dinoprostone cervical gel?

A

Monitor uterine activity and fetal heart rate (FHR); suggest a 20-min FHR strip before doses.

75
Q

True or False: Lidocaine is primarily used as a local anesthetic agent in obstetrics.

A

True

76
Q

What is the primary use of oxytocin?

A

To induce or augment labor contractions and to treat uterine atony

Oxytocin is also used to stimulate milk letdown.

77
Q

How is dinoprostone administered vaginally?

A

Cervidil contains 10 mg of dinoprostone in a timed release, releasing 0.3 mg/h over 12 h

The insert may be removed with FHR decelerations or uterine hyperstimulation.

78
Q

What are the contraindications for the use of dinoprostone?

A
  • Prostaglandin hypersensitivity
  • Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
  • Ruptured membranes
  • Unexplained vaginal bleeding

Use with caution in clients with asthma, seizures, glaucoma, and other conditions.

79
Q

What adverse reactions can occur with oxytocin?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Tachysystole
  • Uterine hyperstimulation

Tachysystole is defined as 6 or more contractions in a 20-min window.

80
Q

What is the pharmacokinetic profile of oxytocin?

A
  • Absorption: Poorly absorbed orally; rapidly absorbed intranasally and IM
  • Distribution: Low plasma binding; widely distributed
  • Metabolism: Half-life of 1-9 min; rapidly metabolized by the liver
  • Excretion: In urine

Oxytocin has a rapid onset when given IV.

81
Q

What is the pharmacodynamics of oxytocin?

A

Promotes uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium concentrations in myometrial tissue

This enhances the activity of myosin light-chain kinase.

82
Q

Define the term ‘subinvolution’.

A

Delayed return of the uterus to its normal size and condition after childbirth

It can lead to postpartum hemorrhage.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: Dinoprostone is contraindicated in clients with _______.

A

Prostaglandin hypersensitivity

84
Q

What are the adverse reactions associated with ergonovine?

A
  • Transient hypertension
  • Diaphoresis
  • Palpitations
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting

Ergonovine is an ergot alkaloid that stimulates vascular smooth muscle.

85
Q

What is the onset and duration of intravenous oxytocin?

A

Onset: within 1 min; Duration: 1 h

IV oxytocin is used for induction or augmentation of labor.

86
Q

True or False: Oxytocin can cause water intoxication if given in an electrolyte-free solution.

A

True

Water intoxication is manifested by nausea, vomiting, and hypotension.

87
Q

What is the effect of dinoprostone on cervical ripening?

A

It helps ripen an unfavorable cervix by inducing contractions

It is administered intravaginally and monitored closely.

88
Q

What is the maximum dose of oxytocin for high-dose regimen?

A

40 milliunits/min

This regimen starts at 6 milliunits/min and increases by 6 milliunits/min every 15 min.

89
Q

What are the common gastrointestinal side effects of dinoprostone?

A
  • Abdominal cramping
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting

Monitoring is essential during administration.

90
Q

What is the action of ergonovine in postpartum hemorrhage?

A

Direct stimulation of vascular smooth muscle, producing vasoconstriction

It is used to prevent and treat postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine atony.

91
Q

What precautions should be taken when using oxytocin?

A
  • Monitor for tachysystole
  • Assess for signs of uterine hyperstimulation
  • Ensure adequate hydration

It is contraindicated in certain conditions like fetal intolerance of labor.

92
Q

Water Soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and Vit C

Nutrition And Diet Therapy (4 decks)

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