Macronutrients Flashcards
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
Low GI Foods
Oats, Legumes, some fruits
Carbohydrates
Simple Carbs
Complex Carbs
Fiber
The Glycemic Index
Low GI Foods
Medium GI Foods
High GI Foods
Carbohydrates and Energy
Glucose Conversion
Insulin Response
Glycogen Storage
Energy Production
Proteins
Animal Protein
Prant Protein
Protein Combining
Protein Combining Example
Rice and Beans
Functions of Proteins
Muscle Building
Genetic Material
Immune Function
Enzymes
Protein Digestion and Absorption
I. Stomach
II. Small Intestine
III. Absorption
IV. Utilization
Break down proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach
Pepsin
Breakdown smaller peptides into amino acids in the small intestines
Pancreatic Enzymes
Fats Essential for Health
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated fats
Trans Fats
Sources of Omega 3 fatty acid
Fatty fish, Flaxseeds, walnuts
Sources of Omega 6 fatty acids
Vegetable oils and Nuts
Aim for balanced intake of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids for optimal health
Balanced Ratio
Fat Digestion and Absorption
Emulsification
Enzymatic Breakdown
Micelle Formation
Lymphatic Transport
Functions of Fats
Energy Storage
Nutrient Absorption
Brain Function
Organ Protection
Functions of Fats
Energy Storage
Nutrient Absorption
Brain Function
Organ Protection
Fat Soluble vitamins
A D E K
Fat Soluble vitamins
A D E K
Bile from the liver breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets
Emulsification
Bile from the liver breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets
Emulsification
Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase Enzymes
Shows how much a nutrient contributes to daily recommended intake
Percent Daily Value
Macronutrients and Health Conditions
Diabetes - carb control
Heart disease - limit saturated fats
Kidney disease - monitor protein intake
Celiac disease - avoid gluten-containing carbs
Micronutrient Deficiencies
Fatigue
Weak bones
Skin Issues
Cognitive Problems
Importance of a Balanced Diet
Variety
Whole Foods
Moderation
Consultation
Essential for growth, development, and overall health maintenance
Micronutrients
Crucial for bone health, fluid balance, and various enzymatic reactions
Minerals
Macrominerals
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Sulfur
Trace Minerals
MIZICCFS
Manganese
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
What is the generic name for Sublimaze?
Fentanyl citrate
Fentanyl is a potent narcotic used for pain relief in labor.
What are the routes and dosages for Fentanyl citrate?
IM/IV: 25-50 mcg or IM: 50-100 mcg
Dosage varies based on the route of administration.
What is the onset time for IV Fentanyl citrate?
1-2 minutes
The peak effect occurs within 3-5 minutes.
What is a key consideration when administering Fentanyl citrate in labor?
Watch for respiratory depression in neonates
Fentanyl crosses the placenta and can affect newborns.
What is the generic name for Morphine sulfate?
Morphine sulfate
It is commonly used for pain relief in labor.
What is the dosage for Morphine sulfate when given IV?
2-5 mg q4h
Dosage may vary based on the route and timing.
What is the onset time for IV Morphine sulfate?
3-10 minutes
The peak effect occurs in about 20 minutes.
What should be available as an antidote when using Morphine sulfate?
Naloxone
Naloxone is used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioids.
True or False: Morphine sulfate can cause withdrawal symptoms in neonates.
True
Withdrawal symptoms may occur if the mother is narcotic-dependent.
What is the generic name for Stadol?
Butorphanol tartrate
It is a mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist used for pain relief.
What is the onset time for Butorphanol tartrate when administered IV?
5-10 minutes
The peak effect occurs within 4-5 minutes.
What is a key consideration when using Butorphanol tartrate in labor?
Avoid use in opiate-dependent clients
It may precipitate withdrawal syndrome.
What is the generic name for Nubain?
Nalbuphine
It is also a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist used for pain relief.
What is the onset time for Nalbuphine?
2-3 minutes
The peak effect occurs in 2-3 minutes.
Fill in the blank: Anesthesia in labor and delivery represents the loss of painful sensations with or without loss of _______.
consciousness
Anesthesia can be used to manage pain during childbirth.
What are the two types of pain experienced during labor?
- Visceral pain
- Somatic pain
Visceral pain originates from the cervix and uterus, while somatic pain is due to pressure and stretching.
What is the brand name for Hydroxyzine pamoate?
Vistaril
It is a sedative-hypnotic used for anxiety and sedation.
What is the route and dosage for Hydroxyzine pamoate for anxiety?
PO: 25-100 mg
It can also be administered IM for preoperative sedation.
What is a common adverse effect of using Promethazine?
Respiratory depression
This risk is particularly relevant if administered near delivery.
What is the generic name for Seconal?
Secobarbital
It is used to decrease anxiety during the latent phase of labor.
What is a key consideration when using Secobarbital?
No effects on uterine tone or contractility
It crosses the placenta and can affect the fetus.
What is the dosage for Pentobarbital (Nembutal)?
IV: Initial: 100-200 mg
It is a short-acting barbiturate used as a sedative.
What is the purpose of postnatal surfactant therapy?
Prevention and treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surfactant therapy is crucial for newborns with RDS.
What is the generic name for Curosurf?
Poractant alfa
It is administered to manage respiratory distress in newborns.
What is a contraindication for Poractant alfa?
Previous hypersensitivity to any component
This must be checked before administration.
What is a potential adverse reaction of surfactant therapy?
Increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus
Other reactions may include hypotension and apnea.
What is the dosage for Beractant (Survanta) when used for prophylaxis in infants at risk for RDS?
4 ml/kg per dose, administered intratracheally; 1 dose within 15 min of birth, repeat in 6 h if respiratory distress continues, maximum of 4 doses in 24 h.
What are the adverse reactions associated with surfactant therapy?
- Increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus
- Hypotension
- Transient oxygen desaturation
- Apnea
- Flushing
True or False: Calfactant (Infasurf) requires reconstitution before administration.
False
What is the primary use of Dinoprostone cervical gel (Prepidil)?
To ripen an unfavorable cervix at or near term in pregnant women needing labor induction.
What is the maximum dosage of Dinoprostone cervical gel that can be administered in 24 hours?
1.5 mg, supplied in 3 doses.
Fill in the blank: The two approaches for labor induction include _______ and _______.
- Mechanical methods
- Prostaglandins
What are the indications for labor induction?
- Pregnancy-induced hypertension
- Chronic hypertension
- Membrane rupture >24 hrs
- Chorioamnionitis
- Postdates (>42 weeks’ gestation)
- Intrauterine growth retardation
- Positive contraction stress test
- Maternal diabetes (classes B-F)
- Maternal renal disease
- Isoimmunization
- Intrauterine fetal death
What is a contraindication to labor induction?
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
- Unfavorable fetal presentation
- Documented fetal intolerance of uterine contractions
- Prematurity
- Placenta previa or suspected abruption placentae
- Severe pregnancy-induced hypertension
- Multifetal gestation
- History of uterine trauma
- Active genital herpes infection
- Umbilical cord prolapse
What are Uretropic drugs used for?
To enhance uterine contractility by stimulating the smooth muscle of the uterus.
Which opioid has the fastest onset when administered intravenously during labor?
Fentanyl
What is the concentration of Chlorprocaine used in obstetric anesthesia?
1-2%
What should be done if a patient experiences dinoprostone-induced fever?
Treat with tepid baths and increased fluids; do not treat with Aspirin.
What is the typical dosage for Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) for postpartum hemorrhage?
PO: 0.2-0.4 mg, q6-12h; IV: same as for IM, but slowly over 1 min.
What is the route of administration for Calfactant (Infasurf)?
Intratracheal
Fill in the blank: The adverse reactions of Calfactant include _______ and _______.
- Bradycardia
- Airway obstruction
What is the primary mechanism of action of surfactants like Beractant?
Lowers surface tension on alveolar surfaces during respiration and stabilizes alveoli against collapse at resting pressures.
What is the recommended monitoring after administering Dinoprostone cervical gel?
Monitor uterine activity and fetal heart rate (FHR); suggest a 20-min FHR strip before doses.
True or False: Lidocaine is primarily used as a local anesthetic agent in obstetrics.
True
What is the primary use of oxytocin?
To induce or augment labor contractions and to treat uterine atony
Oxytocin is also used to stimulate milk letdown.
How is dinoprostone administered vaginally?
Cervidil contains 10 mg of dinoprostone in a timed release, releasing 0.3 mg/h over 12 h
The insert may be removed with FHR decelerations or uterine hyperstimulation.
What are the contraindications for the use of dinoprostone?
- Prostaglandin hypersensitivity
- Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
- Ruptured membranes
- Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Use with caution in clients with asthma, seizures, glaucoma, and other conditions.
What adverse reactions can occur with oxytocin?
- Hypertension
- Dysrhythmias
- Tachysystole
- Uterine hyperstimulation
Tachysystole is defined as 6 or more contractions in a 20-min window.
What is the pharmacokinetic profile of oxytocin?
- Absorption: Poorly absorbed orally; rapidly absorbed intranasally and IM
- Distribution: Low plasma binding; widely distributed
- Metabolism: Half-life of 1-9 min; rapidly metabolized by the liver
- Excretion: In urine
Oxytocin has a rapid onset when given IV.
What is the pharmacodynamics of oxytocin?
Promotes uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium concentrations in myometrial tissue
This enhances the activity of myosin light-chain kinase.
Define the term ‘subinvolution’.
Delayed return of the uterus to its normal size and condition after childbirth
It can lead to postpartum hemorrhage.
Fill in the blank: Dinoprostone is contraindicated in clients with _______.
Prostaglandin hypersensitivity
What are the adverse reactions associated with ergonovine?
- Transient hypertension
- Diaphoresis
- Palpitations
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Ergonovine is an ergot alkaloid that stimulates vascular smooth muscle.
What is the onset and duration of intravenous oxytocin?
Onset: within 1 min; Duration: 1 h
IV oxytocin is used for induction or augmentation of labor.
True or False: Oxytocin can cause water intoxication if given in an electrolyte-free solution.
True
Water intoxication is manifested by nausea, vomiting, and hypotension.
What is the effect of dinoprostone on cervical ripening?
It helps ripen an unfavorable cervix by inducing contractions
It is administered intravaginally and monitored closely.
What is the maximum dose of oxytocin for high-dose regimen?
40 milliunits/min
This regimen starts at 6 milliunits/min and increases by 6 milliunits/min every 15 min.
What are the common gastrointestinal side effects of dinoprostone?
- Abdominal cramping
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Monitoring is essential during administration.
What is the action of ergonovine in postpartum hemorrhage?
Direct stimulation of vascular smooth muscle, producing vasoconstriction
It is used to prevent and treat postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine atony.
What precautions should be taken when using oxytocin?
- Monitor for tachysystole
- Assess for signs of uterine hyperstimulation
- Ensure adequate hydration
It is contraindicated in certain conditions like fetal intolerance of labor.
Water Soluble vitamins
B vitamins and Vit C
