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Nutrition And Diet Therapy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Laboratory Findings and Assessment Tools

A

Anthropometric measurements
Biochemical Markers
Functional Tests
Nutritional Screening Tools

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2
Q

Neurological and Cognitive Changes

A

Cognitive Impairment
Peripheral Neuropathy
Mood Changes

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3
Q

Gastrointestinal Manifestations

A

Abdominal Distension
Malabsorption
Hepatomegaly
Pancreatic Insufficiency

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4
Q

Muscuskeletal Changes

A

Muscle Wasting
Bone Deformities
Joint Issues
Postural Changes

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5
Q

Cardio and Respi Signs

A

Tachycardia
Hypotension
Edema
Dyspnea
Decreased chest expansion
Increased susceptibility to infection

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6
Q

Tachycardia

A

Anemia
Electrolyte imbalance

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7
Q

Hypotension

A

Dehydration
Reduced cardiac mass

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8
Q

Edema

A

Protein Deficiency
Heart Failure

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9
Q

Dyspnea

A

Anemia
Muscle weakness

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10
Q

Decreased chest expansion

A

Muscle Wasting
Ribcage deformities

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11
Q

Increased susceptibility to infections

A

Weakened immune system

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12
Q

Ocular manifestations

Early signs

A

Night blindness

Conjunctival xerosis (dry conjunctiva)

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13
Q

Ocular manifestations

Progressive changes

A

Bitot spots
Corneal xerosis

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14
Q

Ocular manifestations

Advanced manifestations

A

Keratomalacia (softening and ulceration of the cornea)

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15
Q

Oral and Dental Signs

A

Lip and Tongue Changes
Gum Health
Dental Enamel
Salivary Gland Changes

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16
Q

Skin and Hair Changes

A

Skin Texture and Color
Hair Abnormalities
Nail Changes

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17
Q

ridges or spoon-shaped deformities in nails

A

Koilonychia

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18
Q

General Appearance and Body Composition

A

Healthy Appearance
Malnourished Appearance
Body Composition Changes

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19
Q

Overview of Diateray Assessment Methods

A
  1. 24 hour dietary recall
  2. Food Frequency Questionnaire
  3. Food Records
  4. Diet History
20
Q

Technological Advancements in Dietary Assessment

A

Mobile Apps
Image-based Assessment
Wearable Devices
Big Data Analytics

21
Q

Challenges in Dietary Assessment

A
  1. Underreporting or Misreporting
  2. Recall Bias
  3. Variability in Dietary Intake
  4. Cultural and Linguistic Barriers
22
Q

Future Directions in Dietary Assessment

A

AI-Powered Analysis
Advanced Biosensors
Virtual Reality Integration

23
Q

Diet History: Comprehensive Dietary Profile

A
  1. Initial Interview
  2. 24-Hour Recall
  3. Food Frequency Assessment
  4. Dietary Habits Exploration
24
Q

Serum Proteins as Nutritional Indicators

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Transferrin
  3. Pre-Albumin
  4. Retinol-Binding Protein
25
Q

Hematological Indicators

A

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

White Blood Cell Count

26
Q

Lipid Profile Assessment

Total Cholesterol

A

<200 mg/dL

Overall cardiovascular risk

27
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

<100 mg/dL

Risk of Atherosclerosis

28
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

<100 mg/dL

Risk of Atherosclerosis

29
Q

HDL

A

> 60 mg/dL

Cardioprotective Effect

30
Q

Triglycerides

A

<150 mg/dL

Dietary fat metabolism

31
Q

Vitamin Status Indicators

Vitamin A

A

Serum Retinol Levels and Retinol Binding Protein are key indicators.

Levels below 20 ug/dL suggests deficiency

32
Q

Below 3 ng/dL indicates deficiency in

A

FOLATE

33
Q

Serum ferritin is the most common indicator of __ stores.

A

Iron

Levels below 15 ng/dL indicates deficiency

34
Q

Indicators of Electrolyte Balance

A

Sodium
135 - 145 mEq/L

Potassium
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

Chloride
96 - 106 mEq/L

Bicarbonate
22-28 mEq/L

35
Q

Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

A
  1. C Reactive Protein
  2. Interleukin 6
  3. Malondialdehyde
  4. Glutathione Peroxidase
36
Q

Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

A
  1. C Reactive Protein
  2. Interleukin 6
  3. Malondialdehyde
  4. Glutathione Peroxidase
37
Q

Functional Tests and Metabolic Indicators

A
  1. Glucose Tolerance Test
  2. Nitrogen Balance Studies
  3. Resting Metabolic Rate
38
Q

Emerging Biomarkers in Nutritional Assessment

A

MicroRNA Profiles
Gut Microbiome Analysis
Metabolomics

39
Q

Height Measurement

A

Position

Alignment

Reading

40
Q

Weight Assessment

A

Calibrated Scale

Clothing

Time (measure at same time of the day)

Record (note weight to nearest 0.1 kg)

41
Q

Waist Circumference

A
  1. Locate (top of hip bone)
  2. Position (t.m. horizontally)
  3. Measure (at the end of normal exhalation)
42
Q

Skinfold Measurements

A
  1. Sites
    -triceps
    -subscapular
    -suprailliac
    -thighs
  2. Techniques
    Pinch skin, apply caliper, read after 2-3 secs
  3. Interpretation
43
Q

Mid-Upper AC

A
  1. Locate (between shoulder and elbow)
  2. Measure (relaxed arm)
  3. Record (note circ to nearest 0.1 cm)
44
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A

Electric Current
Body Water
Lean Mass
Body Fat

45
Q

Anthropometric Indices

A

Weight/Height - acute maln
Height/Age - chronic maln
Weight/Age - overall nutri status

Nutrition And Diet Therapy (4 decks)

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