Macronutirents Flashcards
What are essential nutrients?
Substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced, or produced in sufficient quantities, by the body and therefore must be obtained by the diet
What are non-essential nutrients?
Substances required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet
What is dietary reference intake?
DRIs are nutrient intake standard for healthy people
What is Recommended Dietary Allowance?
Levels of essential nutrient intake that are adequate to meet the know nutrient needs of 98% of healthy people while decreasing the risk of certain chronic diesases
What are the macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
What qualify as carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, fibers, alcohol
What are the monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What are the disaccharides?
Pairs of monosaccharides
Glucose + glucose = Maltose
Glucose + fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + galactose = Lactose
Whats is protein-sparing action?
Adequate dietary carbohydrates to prevent the use of protein for energy
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of constant internal conditions
Insulin
Secreted as blood glucose rises
Stimulates cells to uptake glucose from blood
Moves glucose from blood into cells
When blood glucose rises above normal, insulin signals cells to take in glucose
Glucagon
Secreted as blood glucose falls
Stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into blood stream
Bring glucose out of storage
When blood glucose levels are low, signals liver to break down glycogen
Epinephrine
Comes from the adrenal glands
“fight or flight” hormone
Stimulates glycogen breakdown/glucose release from liver to ensure the body has enough energy in an emergency
Diabetes
Insulin in inadequate or ineffective, so blood glucose rises after eating and stays high
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose drops below normal range - rare in healthy people
What is the glycemic response?
How quickly glucose is absorbed, how quickly blood sugar rises, and how quickly blood sugar returns to normal
What is the desired path of glycemic response?
Slow absorption, modest rise, and smooth return to normal is desirable
What about low glycemic index?
More desirable, especially for people with diabetes
Improve blood glucose level
What about high glycemic index?
Digested and absorbed quickly
Raise blood sugar to a high level
What does bile do in regards to fats and GI liquids wanting to stay separate?
Bile, which is ampipiathic, has an Aa end that is hypdrophillic and a sterol end that likes fat and the bile grabs onto the fat
Large globules of fat are converted to small droplets and pulled into and suspended in the GI liquid and enzymes can access them
What are some roles of lipids?
Insulation, cell membrane, energy storage, shock absorption, cognitive function
As a energy store, why are lipids efficient?
Energy stored can provide twice as much energy of carbs and protein
What are some essential fatty acids?
Alpha-linoleic and its derivatives, EPA and DHA
Omega 3 and 6
What are the expected amounts of carbs, fats and proteins we should have?
50% carbs
20% fats
30% proteins
