Macronutirents

Question 1

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 1

Substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced, or produced in sufficient quantities, by the body and therefore must be obtained by the diet

Question 2

What are non-essential nutrients?

Answer 2

Substances required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet

Question 3

What is dietary reference intake?

Answer 3

DRIs are nutrient intake standard for healthy people

Question 4

What is Recommended Dietary Allowance?

Answer 4

Levels of essential nutrient intake that are adequate to meet the know nutrient needs of 98% of healthy people while decreasing the risk of certain chronic diesases

Question 5

What are the macronutrients?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Question 6

What qualify as carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Sugars, starches, fibers, alcohol

Question 7

What are the monosaccharides?

Answer 7

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 8

What are the disaccharides?

Answer 8

Pairs of monosaccharides
Glucose + glucose = Maltose
Glucose + fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + galactose = Lactose

Question 9

Whats is protein-sparing action?

Answer 9

Adequate dietary carbohydrates to prevent the use of protein for energy

Question 10

What is homeostasis?

Answer 10

Maintenance of constant internal conditions

Question 11

Insulin

Answer 11

Secreted as blood glucose rises
Stimulates cells to uptake glucose from blood
Moves glucose from blood into cells
When blood glucose rises above normal, insulin signals cells to take in glucose

Question 12

Glucagon

Answer 12

Secreted as blood glucose falls
Stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into blood stream
Bring glucose out of storage
When blood glucose levels are low, signals liver to break down glycogen

Question 13

Epinephrine

Answer 13

Comes from the adrenal glands
“fight or flight” hormone
Stimulates glycogen breakdown/glucose release from liver to ensure the body has enough energy in an emergency

Question 14

Diabetes

Answer 14

Insulin in inadequate or ineffective, so blood glucose rises after eating and stays high

Question 15

Hypoglycemia

Answer 15

Blood glucose drops below normal range - rare in healthy people

Question 16

What is the glycemic response?

Answer 16

How quickly glucose is absorbed, how quickly blood sugar rises, and how quickly blood sugar returns to normal

Question 17

What is the desired path of glycemic response?

Answer 17

Slow absorption, modest rise, and smooth return to normal is desirable

Question 18

What about low glycemic index?

Answer 18

More desirable, especially for people with diabetes

Improve blood glucose level

Question 19

What about high glycemic index?

Answer 19

Digested and absorbed quickly

Raise blood sugar to a high level

Question 20

What does bile do in regards to fats and GI liquids wanting to stay separate?

Answer 20

Bile, which is ampipiathic, has an Aa end that is hypdrophillic and a sterol end that likes fat and the bile grabs onto the fat
Large globules of fat are converted to small droplets and pulled into and suspended in the GI liquid and enzymes can access them

Question 21

What are some roles of lipids?

Answer 21

Insulation, cell membrane, energy storage, shock absorption, cognitive function

Question 22

As a energy store, why are lipids efficient?

Answer 22

Energy stored can provide twice as much energy of carbs and protein

Question 23

What are some essential fatty acids?

Answer 23

Alpha-linoleic and its derivatives, EPA and DHA

Omega 3 and 6

Question 24

What are the expected amounts of carbs, fats and proteins we should have?

Answer 24

50% carbs
20% fats
30% proteins