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CMBM exam 2 > Antibiotics 3 > Flashcards

Antibiotics 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A 
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclins 
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones 
Streptogramins
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2
Q

What are some aminoglycosides?

A

Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Amikacin

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3
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for?

A

Serious infections with aerobic gram negative rods

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4
Q

How do aminoglycosides work?

A

Binds to the 30S ribsoome subunit causing misreading of mRNA, inferance of initiation complex, break up polysomes

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5
Q

What are some clinical uses of aminoglycosides?

A

Infections from enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas
Used with other drugs to certain Staph and Strep strains
With vancomycin/penicillin for endocarditis

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6
Q

What is streptomycin used for?

A

TB, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Mycoplasma avium

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7
Q

What the toxicities of aminoglycosides?

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

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8
Q

What are some Macrolides and Ketolides?

A

Erythomycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Telithromycin

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9
Q

What are Macrolides and Ketolides effective against?

A

Some gram positives and negatives and atypicals

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10
Q

How do Macrolides work?

A

Bind at 23S of 50S ribosome and prevent polypeptide elongation

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11
Q

What is the problem with erythromycin?

A

GI upset

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12
Q

Which Macrolides are derived from erythromycin?

A

Clarithromycin and Azithromycin

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13
Q

What are some clinical uses for Macrolides?

A

Empiric therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Used for Legionella, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia infections

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14
Q

What are some clinical uses for telithromycin?

A

Used for mild CAP

Active against Strep. pneumo espeically penicillin and Macrolide resistant

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15
Q

What are some toxicities of Macrolides and Ketolides?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, inhibition of cytochrome P450, visual disturbances

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16
Q

What are some resistance factors to macrolides?

A

Efflux pump and enzyme mediated methylation on 23S binding site

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17
Q

Which drug is a lincosamide?

A

Clindamycin

18
Q

What is Clindamycin active against?

A

Aerobic gram positives (MRSA, S, pneumo)
Gram positive and gram negative anaerobes
Some protozoans

19
Q

What is Clindamycin not useful against?

A

Gram negative aerobes

20
Q

What are some clinical uses for Clindamycin?

A

Invasive Staph infections in the skin
Respiratory tract from S. pneumo (CAP)
Intra-abdominal abscess
PID, acne and osteomyelitis

21
Q

How do Tetracylins work?

A

Bind to 30S subunit
Block site for binding of amino-tRNAs
Terminates the growing peptide chain

22
Q

What do bacteria tetracylins work against?

A

Many aerobic gram positives and negatives
Anaerobes
Atypicals
Some protozoa

23
Q

What are some adverse reactions to Tetracyclins?

A

Alterations in normal mouth, gut and vagina flora
Teeth discoloration
Deposition of fetal bone and cause deformation
Liver and kidney toxicity
Photosensitization

24
Q

What are some Streptogramins?

A

Dalfopristin

Quinupristin

25
Q

What are Streptogramins used for?

A

Given in combination for serious gram positive cocci infections to multi-drug resistant bactera

26
Q

What drug is a linezolid?

A

Oxazolidinone

27
Q

When should Oxazolidinone be used?

A

It should be reserved for multi-drug resistant strains of gram positives bacteria

28
Q

What are the DNA gyrase inhibitors?

A

Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones

29
Q

What are some bacteria Fluroquinolones work against?

A

Most usage against aerobic gram negatives

Active against certain strains of Strep and Staph and atypical bacteria

30
Q

What are some clinical uses for Fluroquinolones?

A

UTIs cause by pseudomonas and E. Coli
Respiratory infections
Soft tissue infection
Bacterial diarrhea

31
Q

What is a toxic factor of Fluroquinolone?

A

May damage growing cartilage in those 18 years and younger

32
Q

Which drug is an anti-folate drug?

A

TMP/SMX

Inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids

33
Q

Which bacteria do TMP/SMX work against?

A

Some aerobic gram positives

CA-MRSA

34
Q

What i a toxic factor of TMP/SMX?

A

Allergic skin rash, GI upset

35
Q

Why can Metronidazole easily enter the cytosol?

A

Because its very small

36
Q

What bacteria is Metronidazole effective against?

A

Gram negative anaerobes and most gram positive anaerobes especially C. diff

37
Q

Why should alcohol be avoided while taking Metronidazole?

A

Because it will cause vomiting and tachycardia

38
Q

What are some anti-TB drugs?

A

Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrasinamide

39
Q

How to anti-TB drugs work?

A

Block the mycolic acid synth

40
Q

How does Rifampicin work?

A

Inhibits RNA synth in binding tightly to bacterial DNA-dependent RNA-pol

CMBM exam 2 (13 decks)

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