Lipoprotein 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in Carnitine Palmitoyl-CoA Transferase II deficiency?

A

CPTII is the enzyme that conjugates FA to form acyl-CoA to acyl-carnitine which is then transferred back to mitochondria where the acyl is transferred back onto the CoA - the transferase does not work so things like palmitate cannot be made
Most common inherited disorder of FA oxidation

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2
Q

Type I hyperlipidemias

A

Accumulation of chylomicrons, LPL or apoCII deficiency

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3
Q

Type II hyperlipidemias

A

Elevated LDL levels, genetic defects in LDL receptor
Hetero - high LDL
Homo - myocardial infarction before age 20

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4
Q

Type III hyperlipidemias

A

Abnormal apoE, interferes with uptake of chylomicron and VLDL uptake
Hypothyroidism has similar effects

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5
Q

Type IV hyperlipidemias

A

VLDL inc due to obesity, alcohol abuse or diabetes
Most common
Also has genetic form

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6
Q

Type V hyperlipidemias

A

Similar to type I, inc VLDL production, high chylomicrons

Can lead to pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomas

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7
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

Biliary excretion is reduced

Abnormal lipoprotein X will accumulate

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8
Q

What is olestra?

A

A sucrose molecule with fatty acids attached to the -OH
Fat substitute
Too large to digest- no calories

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9
Q

What is the problem with olestra?

A

Causes absorption of lipid soluable vitamins (A, D, K ,E)
Causes digestion problems
Anal leakage

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10
Q

What is an advantage to olestra?

A

Can remove dioxins

Effective for long term weight loss in obese patients

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11
Q

What is orlistat?

A

Strong inhibitor of pancreatic lipase
Isolated from stretomyces
Saturated form of lipstatin
Makes you feel fuller longer

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12
Q

How does dietary fat and cholesterol influence plasma liproteins?

A

Inc saturated fats circulating, inc LDL CH levels
Omega 6-PUFA lowers circulating CH
Omega 3-PUFA lowers circulating TGs

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13
Q

How does fiber influence plasma liproteins?

A

Insoluble fiber has limited effects on circulating CH

Soluble fiber has an effect on lowering CH

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14
Q

What are the three proposed mechanism of fiber?

A
  1. Bile acid sequestration
  2. Reduce insulin rise - slow CHO absorption
  3. May produce short chain FAs - reduce Ch synth
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15
Q

How does protein and alcohol influence plasma liproteins?

A

Inc animal protein - inc circulating CH

Red wine - lower levels of LDLs high HDLs

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16
Q

How are arterial plaques formed?

A

Macrophages uptake oxidative modified or damaged LDLs, become engorged with fat, and become foam cells

17
Q

What are some reactive oxygen species due to oxidation of lipids?

A

Superoxide, Hydroxyl radical, H2O2

18
Q

Why are lipid peroxides LOOH so dangerous? And what are they called?

A

Very toxic, unstable and can’t be absorbed well

Lipofuscins

19
Q

What are isoprostanes?

A

Non-enzymatically produced eiconsanoids due to random oxidation of phospholipids

20
Q

What does apoB-100 do?

A

VLDL assembly and secretion
Structural part of VLDL, IDL, LDL
Ligand for LDL receptor
In the liver

21
Q

What does apoE do?

A

Ligand for several lipoproteins to LDL receptor
LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)
In the liver

22
Q

What is the genetic treatment for hyperlipidemia?

A

Statin drugs but primarly apolioprotein E (apoE)
Nonviral treatment
Cell based therapy
in vivo apoE-secreting ‘mini-organs’